R. Williams Construction Co. v. OSHRC free essay sample

R. Williams Construction Company v. OSHRC is a case with respect to the guidelines and guidelines of OSHA refrain the acts of a development organization. OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Act) is a legislature controlled association that was made to guarantee the wellbeing of representatives while at work. The guidelines of OSHA have been set up to kill and additionally lessen the quantity of hands on wounds and passings. Along these lines, lawful issue of this case is whether the courts should consider the development organization answerable for explicit infringement of OSHA standard guidelines. However, on account of Williams Construction the organization was put under scrutiny by OSHA after a channel crumbled at a building site, which brought about the demise of one representative Jose Aguiniga and the genuine injury of another worker by the name of Adam Palomar. When OSHA finished their examination, they accused Williams Construction Company of four infringement that conveyed heavy fines. We will compose a custom article test on R. Williams Construction Co. v. OSHRC or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The infringement found from the examination included: 1) The inability to educate representatives and chiefs on the best way to perceive and keep away from risky work conditions ($7,000 fine). 2) The inability to guarantee that workers didn't need to travel in excess of twenty five feet to arrive at a protected point ($7,000 fine). 3) The inability to have a â€Å"competent person† that was explicitly prepared in channel wellbeing to examine the region every prior day representatives started working ($7,000 fine). 4) The inability to ensure that the dividers of the inspiration were either inclined or upheld ($70,000 fine) (Walsh, 2010). As indicated by OSHA, that if the guidelines were followed the disastrous mishap could have been stayed away from, and one individual would not be dead. Clarify what the business did or neglected to do that damaged the OSHA Act. As an organization R. Williams Construction neglected to complete four things with respect to the guidelines of OSHA. The principal infringement that was brought against Williams Construction was the inability to give preparing to representatives and their directors about how to perceive and stay away from dangerous working conditions (I. e. , organization wellbeing manual behind the seat in the organization truck). It was demonstrated that Williams didn't give preparing to digging perils to in any event the two representatives working in the channel. Moreover, none of the administrators for Williams Construction knew about the OSHA necessities as well as guidelines. The subsequent infringement comprised of Williams giving just a single safe methods for departure at the east finish of the 45-foot channel. Regardless of whether it creates the impression that at any rate one of the siphons was found in excess of 25 feet from the slope, the specific area of the siphons, or the exact area of Palomar and Aguiniga comparable to the incline right now of the channel breakdown, is immaterial. Also, Williams’ third infringement was for neglecting to assign a â€Å"competent person† with explicit preparing in soil investigation and defensive frameworks that is fit for distinguishing risky conditions. The able individual was likewise required to perform day by day assessments of unearthings for proof of unsafe conditions to decide whether it was sheltered to work every day. Be that as it may, no boss at Williams Constructions knew about this training nor did they accidentally play out the investigation. † The court differ that the Company released its OSHA obligations simply by depending on the general work understanding of Dzamba and J. P. Williams or â€Å"common sense. † R. Williams Constructions Company additionally damaged OSHA guidelines by neglecting to shield representatives from collapses. As indicated by Walsh, Williams had motivation to realize that its representatives would enter the channel upon the arrival of the breakdown and had genuine information that two of its workers entered the channel preceding the collapse. It is unavailing for Williams to contend that representatives must take more prominent consideration to abstain from setting themselves in hurts way or that administration can â€Å"expect a worker not [to] purposefully place himself in harm's way. † Such a case confounds the motivation behind the OSHA security principles (2010). However, on the off chance that the help from the water driven jack wasn’t evacuated the night earlier the collapse could have been forestalled, on the grounds that the representatives would have had increasingly stable working conditions. Clarify why it was unavailing for Williams to contend that workers must take more prominent consideration to abstain from putting themselves in hurts way. It is unavailing for Williams to contend that workers must take more noteworthy consideration to abstain from setting themselves in hurts way or that administration can â€Å"expect a representative not [to] deliberately place himself at serious risk, on the grounds that such a case misjudges the motivation behind the OSHA wellbeing guidelines. Thus, Williams’ contention was not powerful because of the way that it is the obligation of the foreman and additionally proprietor of the development to give preparing to any recently recruited employee or reassigned representative chipping away at the site. OSHA likewise gave declaration or potentially verification from that point examination that representatives were not being prepared before they started taking a shot at the site. It is the duty of any business to guarantee that the sum total of what representatives have been given organization security manuals and OSHA guidelines, just as instructional meetings to ensure they are educated of the data. The organization exhibited carelessness when a manager affirmed that the wellbeing manual was behind the seat of his truck and he never alluded to it to ensure they followed security convention. Along these lines, the fines ought not have been diminished from $91,000 to $22,000 nor should the seriousness of the fourth infringement been diminished, as I would see it. Clarify what job, assuming any, representatives activities ought to have in deciding risk under the OSHA Act. While deciding if the worker or organization is to blame for infringement that fall under OSHA guidelines is no simple errand. Regardless of whether you are an entrepreneur or representative it is imperative to secure yourself expertly by monitoring significant documentation, for example, preparing material. As an entrepreneur you should monitor what instructional courses were held and require marks of the representatives that took an interest. Workers should stay aware of preparing material for their own and expert assurance so they can allude back to it when required. One needs to remember that regardless of what employment or position they hold when something turns out badly they will be taken a gander from the outset. Thus, by the business and worker keeping records if an episode occurs hands on obligation can be evaluated all the more without any problem. From that point OSHA can lead a full examination of all gatherings required to decide the reason for said mishap or hazardous working conditions. In any case, the states of the work space ought to exclusively be the duty of the business, yet it is the activity of the representative to follow the arrangements, practices, and strategies actualized by that association.

High School Haircut Research Paper Example

Secondary School Haircut Research Paper Example Secondary School Haircut Paper Secondary School Haircut Paper Article Topic: Secondary School The hairdo of secondary school understudies has been a dubious issue for a long time. The recommended plain short hair may look clean, however the emphasis on the hair length underneath the ear projection on account of young lady understudies, which is fixed at one centimeter or at generally two, is very pointless. As of not long ago, the Mayor of Tainan had attempted to convince the Ministry of Education to give the high schoolers the unconditional authority to decide their own haircuts. It is hard for us to state if the thought is correct or wrong.So far as I am concerned, issues of the youthful are not limited to such a little issue as haircut; what makes a difference is the support of the understudies moral awareness, the manner in which they ought to carry on, and so forth. The length of their hair or whether they reserve the privilege to give it a lasting wave is generally irrelevant. Cleanness and tidiness is the main thing. There is practically nothing that stays unaltered co nstantly. Why doesnt the concerned authority rethink this hair business? Possibly the bickerings that acrid the relations between the military teachers and their understudies will along these lines be gone.By the way, to improve ones appearance is not all that much, right? We as a whole hope to see another look of the youthful. Perhaps an adjustment in the concerned authoritys arrangement toward the high schoolers haircut will realize this. {2} In my assessment the issue of the high schoolers hairdo has been overemphasized. So far as I probably am aware, this issue has been existing for a serious long time and conceivably in our nation alone. Secondary school understudies should concentrate hard, however it appears that couple of care what they truly need. I simply moved on from secondary school this year.While in secondary school I didnt care much about my hairdo, however at whatever point the school verified whether we had our hair style I generally felt somewhat irritated. In the event that anybody neglected to have his hair style to the necessary norm, he made certain to be criticized or even rebuffed. I trust our secondary school can show a more noteworthy enthusiasm for helping understudies develop their brains than in tearing apart their hair. Every so often our general public is by all accounts keen on this issue as well, yet it is a pity that the understudies own view in this issue is once in a while consulted.That is the reason understudies frequently fight with their instructors, and this common misconception is regularly unfavorable to the understudies themselves. Most secondary school understudies don't generally mind what their haircut is; the thing that they hamburger about is maybe the steady beware of their hair length. Why doesnt the Ministry of Education discharge secondary school understudies from this specific weight? No big surprise an ever increasing number of adolescents in school are slanted to submit offenses. The time has come to att empt to keep our instructive house all together. 3} It is astounding that secondary school understudies hairdo ought to turn into a disputable subjects. In actuality, this is certifiably not a significant issue, in light of the fact that as I would see it secondary school understudies ought not in any case invest an excess of energy in hair care. Time is cash. The most significant thing for secondary school understudies to remember is to do well in school and be solid and steady for the school placement tests. Since the affirmation pace of school wannabes is low, secondary school understudies should put forth a greater amount of an attempt to get ready for it.Furthermore, the time of confined hair length is just from junior to senior secondary school; if the middle school understudies discover nothing amiss with their hairdo, for what reason should the senior secondary school understudies protest it? So my decision is this: however it is directly for the concerned specialists to loo sen up the limitations forced on high schoolers haircut in a sensible manner, the understudies themselves ought to likewise understand that their hairdo is not all that much, that when they are graduated such limitations on their hair will consequently get invalid and void.Although I am an undergrad now, my memory of my secondary school days is still new. As a secondary school understudy I couldn't have cared less about my hairdo; despite what might be expected, I was appreciative to the uniform haircut since I could therefore spare a lot of time just as cash in giving less consideration to my hair. In a word, there is actually no compelling reason to make a big deal about ones hair, particularly in the event that you are only an understudy. In the event that ones hair is contrasted with a tree and ones time of training to a stream, at that point we can see that the tree will continue developing new leaves while the waterway, on the off chance that it ever streams, will never stream back.Youth is itself a sort of excellence, an advantage, so I dont figure an understudies hair will in any capacity reduce this magnificence. {4} The haircut of secondary school understudies was at one time an intriguing subject with regards to the paper. Practically all the instructors, top-positioning government authorities and educators said that we secondary school understudies ought not single out the endorsed haircut of our own. As per them, the sole obligation of an understudies was to study and study and the inward piece of the head was a higher priority than the hair that covers the scalp.Despite what they stated, I still dont like haircut forced on us secondary school understudies. I isnt wonderful and it is unnatural. It would appear that some dry dim grass on a kid understudies head and a little dark cap on a young lady understudies. I am burnt out on having my hair style at regular intervals, yet I am obliged to do that in light of the fact that the military teacher so much of the time assesses the haircut of each understudy. To me hairdo is carefully an individual issue. I like to have my hair somewhat more and be saved the difficulty of having it trimmed each so often.We understudies work under such a significant number of rules in school and we are educated to comply with every one of them. I think a uniform plain haircut isn't important in any way. Why cant we do as we like? We are anxious to see when we are allowed to pick our own hairdos in our post-secondary school days. {5} Closely following my graduation from middle school in 1975 I entered a school to study Chemical Engineering. Along these lines I have had no experience whatever as a senior secondary school understudy. I don't generally have the foggiest idea how the normal high-schoolers respond to this hair issue, so the perspective I offer here is carefully personal.The primary motivation behind why the specialists need to force an endorsed hairdo on the high-schoolers is this would keep them from being defiled by awful social impacts. However, I can refer to a guide to show that the length or the style of ones hair has no pernicious impact at all on an understudies conduct. From the day they enter the school the understudies of the school are entirely allowed to pick their own hairdos, yet no one says the understudies here are ruined by such opportunity. Is this enough to legitimize the interest that high-schoolers be freed from an endorsed hairdo? 6} In understanding with a guideline a secondary school understudy here in Taiwan must have their hair style short. Top-positioning authorities responsible for training may have numerous motivations to legitimize this guideline, however the truth of the matter is that pretty much every understudy respects it with aversion. We go to class, not exclusively to pick up information yet in addition to figure out how to tell directly from wrong and procure free reasoning. This is truly what the instructors or instructive authorities ought to be worried about, absolutely not the hair of the student.My individual experience discloses to me that the standard administering the understudies hairdo is basically the reason for unlimited difficulties among understudies and educators. Why dont they give the understudies the option to settle on their own choices in this issue? In the event that school authorities demand authorizing a haircut, it will just make the understudies increasingly antagonized from their instructors. We trust each kid or young lady is a decent understudy, yet to place this faith on an understudies short and tidy hair is unquestionably gullible, if not ludicrous. {7} The hairdo of secondary school understudy has for some time been a disputable issue.Authorities concerned demanded that the fixed haircut could make secondary school understudies look new and clean. I myself was a secondary school understudy. I never thought this haircut had benefited me in any way. At the point when I was a secondary school understudy, my cohorts frequently fell into difficulty with our military educator, and it was not rare that they would be granted a bad mark just on the grounds that their hair was somewhat longer than the endorsed length. What is significant, I should jump at the chance to bring up, is the brain under the hair, not the hair on the head. The specialists need not fear the results of an undoing of the hair regulation.I accept the lawfulness of our general public doesn't rely upon the length of ones hair, particularly on that of the secondary school understudies. For a long time we have attempted to take care of the issue of adolescent wrongdoing. All we have to do in this regard is to urge them to focus on their training and permit them more slack in their exercises. To endorse a hairdo for the youthful is positively the least praiseworthy intends to accomplish this end. {8} I think it is OK for a secondary school understudy to wear a spotless and plain hair, howev er it isn't important to drive him to have his hair style extremely short.Such sort of short hair is basically not a style by any stretch of the imagination. A few understudies frequently squabble with their educators and military teachers over the hair issue and there are even fights pursued by the understudies to ensure their hair. The affection for excellence, we should concede, is human instinct, as is the consideration of ones hair. Indeed, not in the least is the incredibly short hair delightful to take a gander at. What at that point is the sort of hairdo fit for a secondary school understudy? As I would like to think, a spotless, straightforward, decent looking, and reasonably long hair will trim the mustard. All things considered I am ery much for secondary school understudies wearing their hair respectably long, for such a haircut won't just shield the head from introduction to extreme cold of serious warmth however will likewise make the wearer progressively decent lookin g. Permitting the st

Jefferson Essay Essay

Thomas Jefferson assumed a significant job throughout the entire existence of the United States. Jefferson is most broadly known for composing the Declaration of Independence. Thomas Jefferson talked commonly about African-Americans in America. Where they equivalent to white individuals? How were whites and blacks extraordinary? Shouldn't something be said about servitude? Thomas Jefferson had a supposition regarding these matters, yet a lot of what Thomas Jefferson said was later repudiated with his own words. What did Thomas Jefferson mean when he said that all men were equivalent? All things considered, numerous individuals would concur with what it implies today in present day times. Today the announcement, all men are made equivalent methods; all people whether dark, white, tall, short, fat, or thin were totally made equivalent. That isn't really what it implied during the 1700s. Blacks were oppressed and tried sincerely while rich white men did no such thing. Equity Thurgood Marshall stated, â€Å"The blacks were so far second rate, that they had no rights which the white man was bound to respect†¦ and that the Negro may fairly and legally be diminished to servitude for his advantage. This selection shows that in that time blacks were not regarded equivalent to whites and plainly didn't have similar rights. Conor Cruise O’Brien’s book affirms this conviction as he takes a statement from Thomas Jefferson himself: â€Å"It is acknowledged that the words ‘all men are made equal’ don't, in their exacting importance, apply to la dies, and were not planned by the Founding Fathers to apply to slaves. † This shows when Thomas Jefferson discusses all men being made similarly he intends to state white men. The importance of the word exile is as per the following; to leave one’s local nation to live somewhere else (Merriam-Webster). Jefferson needed to send the blacks that were descendent of the first slaves back to Africa. The arrangement here was Africa was not, at this point their local nation. This demonstration was known as exile. The southern courts accepted that subjugation abused the normal privileges of blacks and despite the fact that subjection was permitted and lawful it was shameless and treacherous. Thomas Jefferson made it realized that he bolstered the abolishment of slave exchanging. He said the accompanying to Congress; â€Å"withdraw the residents of the United States from all further investment in those infringement of human rights which have been for such a long time proceeded on the unoffending occupants of Africa. † By this Jefferson implies that the individuals of the United States should stop the subjugation of blacks with the goal that they no longer damage the human rights and quit insulting the individuals of Africa. Along these lines Jefferson’s purposes behind advancing exile and comprehension for the characteristic privileges of blacks were steady. He needed to send the blacks back in light of the fact that he needed to quit irritating the individuals of Africa. Jefferson accepted that blacks and whites were totally different. He said that he accepted that blacks were initially their own race and got particular by time and certain conditions. As indicated by Jefferson blacks originated from their own species however were from a similar general class that is mankind. He said that blacks were mediocre compared to whites at the top of the priority list and body. This can be said to imply that whites were conceivably better looking individuals or that they were progressively fit. It could have been said to imply that whites were more brilliant than blacks since they had an instruction that the blacks didn't have. Jefferson didn't accept blacks were men. â€Å"Men,† was said to be alluded to as just white men. Samuel Eliot Morison says in his book; â€Å"In his perspectives (Jefferson) blacks were not men. † The ownership of individual rights was essentially controlled by one’s race or skin shading. Blacks had no rights from the get-go during the 1700s however started to turn out to be free in the mid 1800s. A well off white male had all rights; he was permitted to do what he needed insofar as it was simply. A dark man was free and in the long run increased straightforward rights because of the conviction that the United States was damaging human rights. I don't accept that exile could have been a useful answer for the issue of servitude in America. I accept this in such a case that the slaves would have gone to Africa they would be gone, yet there is no maxim that the sluggish southern ranchers would not have gotten slaves from different spots. They would have gotten so used to not working that they would not have the option to begin working once more. I feel that they would perhaps keep contracted workers as perpetual slaves or subjugate needy individuals. I’m sure that exile would not take care of the issue of subjugation, in any event not right away. As I expressed at the outset, Jefferson’s see changed extraordinarily over the span of his lifetime. Later in his life he started to acknowledge dark individuals more in light of all their difficult work. Additionally, he understood that blacks were equivalent to whites in that they were to be given human rights and that the individuals of the United States had been damaging their privileges from the earliest starting point. Jefferson likewise observed that blacks were men, and that truly God made all men equivalent, highly contrasting. Thomas Jefferson unquestionably carried on with an interesting life. He lived during a period where subjection was lawful. He lived during when subjection started to cease to exist. Jefferson was a piece of the motivation behind why blacks are free today. In spite of the fact that his convictions moved all through an amazing term he finished on the great side, the side that was simply. He started to accept that all men are made equivalent with a strict significance.

Brief Article Teaches You the Ins and Outs of Tsi Essay Sample Topics and What You Should Do Today

Brief Article Teaches You the Ins and Outs of Tsi Essay Sample Topics and What You Should Do Today Every college campus in Texas presents prospective students an opportunity to take a complimentary TSI practice test, which indicates how well a student is probably going to score on the comprehensive exam. Colleges also use the TSI results to help determine the degree of courses and any crucial interventions that are essential to assist you succeed. A student may retake the test at any moment if he or she's not pleased with the consequence of the assessment. The custom is allowed in some states, but it's frowned upon and illegal in a lot more states. TSI Practice Tests are the perfect method to get ready for your upcoming TSI exam. As a consequence of which there isn't development of the poor people as it isn't possible for them to invest money for absolutely any innovative purpose by owing financing from the bank. Mechanical Conventions The degree to which you express ideas utilizing Standard Written English. Today the most fundamental problem that's engulfing the society is the matter of unemployment. There are lots of difficulties which arise as a result of unemployment like terrorism in the society that is dangerous for the humankind. One of the serious causes of obesity is absence of a balanced diet. The very first source of obesity is too obvious and it's a huge intake food. Whenever there is cholesterol present in the body of someone, it results in obesity generally. The folks who suffer from obesity frequently have a v ery low quality of life too. Even some work you can do on your computer and there's no need to visit the workplace. The majority of them also offer Internet access and texting. After repeatedly facing a bully, a kid may start to refuse to visit school. You may trust us to offer expert assistance for many of your academic writing needs. Possessing fantastic research abilities and selecting an excellent topic is vital. If you want more help on writing, consider learning plain writing. The goal of brainstorming is to aid you in getting ideas. Learning from examples is among the perfect ways in regards to writing articles. Thus, the career preference culminates to the impact of disease vulnerability and threats in the area. Take your time to cautiously examine our cause and effect topics list till you locate a prompt that you're excited to write about. In summary, the consequences of obesity that are physical, psychological, and social can cause many troubles, but the chief point it can offer many suffering and cause death. The significance of research in persuasive writing cannot be overstated. The group of skilled essay writers is always prepared to aid you with that in no moment! In case the project is quite substantial and important, then you are going to require an in-depth comprehension of the topic. It's possible to find assistance and deliver top-notch essays. As any guide on how best to compose a persuasive essay will inform you, your essay has to be organized in paragraphs with a logical progression from 1 paragraph to the next. Weave in your perspective to produce your essay unique. An essay is going to be asked to fulfill the writing part of the test. Sample persuasive essays can also offer inspiration on topics to write on in addition to serve as examples about how to compose your essay. Thus, you can ride on their professionalism to steer you on both the structure and content which should go into your write-ups. The sort of content that you provide depicts what sort of thesis statement you need to have. A great structure will cause a great paper, therefore it's important to get a plan before starting. Examples might also be included in every one of the body paragraphs to additional support and clarify your principal points. Finding the Best Tsi Essay Sample Topics When something happens it produces an outcome. Before you commence working on cause and effect essay outline the very first thing you have to do is to select a winning topic. X is utilized to indicate a cause, whilst Y is utilised to indicate the result. Individuals that have a smoking authority figure in their lives (for example, a parent) are a lot more likely to begin smoking later in life.

Sales Process Level 2 Customer Profile Acquisition

Sales Process Level 2 BPMN Customer profile acquisition The marketing team is in charge of obtaining customers and profiling them. The process of obtaining customers can be through cold calling, product presentation at customer site. Once a customer shows interest in the product, the marketing team collects the relevant details of the customer such as name of the customer, address and related business details. Site Visit/Cold Call Once the customer has been profiled, the company’s sales team may visit the customer if such a customer was attracted by advertisement. In either the visit or cold call, the sales team should inquire on the urgency at which the customer requires the product, and the number of product installations required. At†¦show more content†¦Obtain Customer’s Requirements To get the customer’s requirement, the sales team should obtain the following from the customer: type of product required, level of customization and number of products. Sponsor Agreement (send/receive) Sponsor agreement is sent to request funding for the product i.e. the customer should commit to funding the content development work that will be offered by Panviva. The mail sent to the client should contain a bill of quantities with prices of those quantities stated. A total price should be quoted as well. The letter should also specify any other type of support that the client should provide. For instance, some content development may have to take place within the client’s premise thus the client has to provide a work desk, hardware etc. If the client agrees to with the bill of quantities and other requests, he should sign in agreement. If the customer has any issues, they should discuss them before agreeing to the. Product Demo A detailed product demo should be given to the client so that he understands clearly how to operate the system. The demonstration is done to the relevant staff of the client company i.e. the technical staff. The demo should include starting the system, accessing it, using the system for intended work with examples being shown, securing the system, and logging out of the system. Follow Up and Confirmation Letter A follow up letter affirms the client’s dedication to obtaining the product that has been

The Reconstruction Effort That Occurred After The Civil War

The Reconstruction effort that occurred after the Civil War from 1865 - 1866 had both positive and negative effects on the nation. Leading up to the Reconstruction attempt, there was developing regional differences between the North and South. Slavery was the issue of the decade. North argued that it was inhumane, while the South was quick to point out that many Northerners benefited from slavery. The Presidential election of Lincoln lead to the succession of the South. They believed that the United States was becoming too tyrannical, much like Great Britain before the Revolutionary War. The Southern attack on Fort Sumter started the long and bloody civil war. After the Battle of Antietam, President Lincoln issued his Emancipation†¦show more content†¦The Reconstruction efforts in the South targeting social reform worked at first, but evidently led to a segregated South. The attempt for social reform involved new amendments and Freedmen’s Bureau, which caused the oppo sition to black rights. The Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery and involuntary servitude. The creation of the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868 intended to give African Americans equal rights. It stated that anyone born in the United States was a citizen and prohibited states from making and enforcing laws that deprived people of their rights. States were not allowed to strip citizens of their liberty or property without cause. (Doc F). Lincoln recognised the plight in which the freedmen were in, so he proposed the establishment of a Freedmen s Bureau. This agency provided educational, social, and economic services to the African Americans. Many northern whites who traveled to the South with the Union army were astonished to see that many former slaves craved literacy. Many teachers who went South where white women, but by 1870, teachers both white and black were flooding South to teach former slaves. While many were delighted with the African Americans’ newfound freedom, oppo sition to black rights never fully

The Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 free essay sample

The law officially named, â€Å"The Public Company Accounting Reform and Investor Protection Act†, was passed into law in 2002 in wake of the numerous corporate scandals that rocked our financial markets. One in particular was the Enron scandal, which before its collapse; Enron was thought of as one of the best companies in the United States. However, it failed to follow Generally Accepted Accounting Practices (GAAP) from as far back as 1997 through 2001. When the company suddenly collapsed in the latter part of 2001, it lost tens of billions of dollars of its shareholders money (Jickling 2003). The controls which were supposedly in place, neither internal nor external, did not uncover the financial masquerade. Because of the many corporate and accounting scandals to astonish the U. S. marketplace and its investor, shareholders organized and protested for tougher laws that required a greater degree of corporate accountability. The act is commonly referred to as the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX), named after Senator Paul Sarbanes and Representative Michael Oxley, who were its main sponsors. SOX is intended to raise the bar for integrity and competence for publicly traded companies and also to promote a greater degree of accountability within these companies. The act changed corporate governance, including the responsibilities of directors and officers, the regulation of accounting firms that audit public companies, corporate reporting and enforcement. It is organized into eleven categories, called â€Å"titles†. The first being the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PACOB), second, Auditors Independence, then, Corporate Responsibility, Enhanced Financial Disclosures, Analyst Conflicts of Interest, Commission Resources and Accountability, Supporting Studies and Reports, Corporate and Criminal Fraud Accountability Document preservation (Whistle-Blower Protection), White-Collar crime penalty, Corporate Tax Returns and Corporate Fraud Accountability. Title I of the Act establishes the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB). It is an independent, non-governmental board that oversees the audits of publicly traded companies. The purpose was designed to protect the interest of the investors and to promote public confidence and transparency in the independent audit process. The powers of the PCAOB are to register public accounting firms that prepare audit reports for issuers; establish auditing, quality control, ethics, independence and other standards relating to the preparation of audit reports; and conduct inspections, investigations and disciplinary proceedings of, and take enforcement action against, public accounting firms (Clearly 2003). Titles II of the act have nine sections. It sets the standard in which the auditors must remain independent to limit their conflicts of interest. Under these sections the auditors have stricter requirements of reporting, they must rotate jobs and they are not allowed to perform other services to the same company they are auditing. Also, as stated in Title I the auditing company must be registered with the PCAOB to perform acceptable audits. Title III of this act speaks to the individual responsibility of the corporate leaders. Management must certify that the financial statements do not contain any material omissions or untrue statements and those they represent fairly the financial condition of the company. And that all of the internal controls are and have been operating effectively prior to the issuance of the reports. Title IV relates most closely with the accountants and the auditing process. It details the new requirements of the financial reporting process and the certification of the effectiveness of the companys internal control process. Section 404 which requires management to assess the internal control procedures and to sign off on its effectiveness and that the procedures are being followed. Section 404 highlights the critical importance of controls related to the financial reporting function of management information systems by requiring a regular assessment of the quality of the financial reporting, because management uses this to manage operations, monitor performance, create forecast and report results to stakeholders (Peters 2012). Title V, VI and VII are designed to help build the publics confidence in the markets by promoting transparency and by providing criminal sanctions and monetary penalties to perpetrators. Title VII can be considered a reflection piece, as it looks to examine different factors and how they affect the markets. The SOX act in Title VIII obligates companies to provide a documented whistle-blower protection policy. It is a means to collect, retain and resolve claims regarding accounting, internal accounting controls and auditing matters. This system must allow for such concerns to be submitted anonymously. SOX provides protection to whistle-blowers and severe penalties to those who retaliate against them. Under this provision violators who destroy, alter, or falsify documents or retaliate against employees who report such going-on are subject to lengthy prison terms. Title IX, X and XI outline the increase penalties for white-collar crimes, such as mail and wire fraud; the requirement that the CEO is responsible for the accuracy and certifying the corporations tax return and other financial reports. The last section institutes guidelines for failure to comply as a criminal offense and gives the SEC the right to freeze monetary transactions if they suspect fraud. Before SOX, the financial world was basically governed by the Securities Laws of 1933 and the establishment of the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) in 1934. Corporations were only required to report the financial reports periodically to the public and the SEC. It was the publics responsibility to review the records and form an educated decision on the well-being of the company. The act also prohibited certain conduct such as insider trading and market manipulation. The exchanges, brokers, transfer agents were responsible for reporting any material changes in the holding of the companies to the SEC. However after the numerous financial scandals such as Enron, WorldCom, Adelphia to mention a few, in which the information presented to public, was fraudulent. They statements were misrepresented by millions and millions of dollars it was felt by the general public, investors and the federal government that there had to be stricter regulations to govern against such corporate behavior. SOX calls for greater accountability from everyone in charge. It implements rules and requirements from the top-down on accountability. CEO, CFO, directors must sign off on the reliability of the reports; auditors must maintain their independence and are prohibited from performing other services to the company they are auditing; managers and employees are responsible for the internal controls in their departments. And all these actions are punishable if not followed, as addressed in Title XI. Title XI provides authoritative powers for companies, its leaders, employees and/or auditors to be sued, sanctioned or criminally prosecuted if they are involved in any fraudulent behavior. It also provides the SEC the ability to seize funds and/or impose significant financial penalties for breaking the law. The most significant impact that SOX has had on the accounting world besides the increased criminal prosecution, is Section 404, which outlines the managements assessment of internal controls over financial reporting and the disclosure of such information. Internal control over financial reporting, is defined by Guy Lander, as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the companys principal executive and principal financial officers and implemented by the companys board of directors, management, and other personnel to provide reasonable assurance for the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. The independent auditor must also attest to and report on the managements assessment of the effectiveness of the companys internal control over financial reporting. Each fiscal year, companies must select audit committees to perform the assessment of internal controls. In section 404, the auditing requirements have changed drastically. Integrated within the law is now a Code of Ethics which was not there prior to the SOX act. Everyone is now accountable and required by law to do the right thing. With the implementation of SOX, the spirit of the law is being enforced. God calls us to a higher standard. We are to perform our job to best of our ability and we should maintain our integrity. No law is higher than the laws given to us by God. Management is now required to know more about the system of internal control so that he/she can make an accurate account of its effectiveness. Management must also include a written document in their end of the year managers report to attest to the effectiveness of their internal control. CEO and CFO are required to certify that the financial reports are accurate and they must discuss with the audit committee any significant deficiencies or material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control in the financial reporting process. The audit committee is required to attest to the integrity of the companys financial statements; the companys compliance with legal and regulatory requirements; the qualifications and independence of the independent auditor and the performance of the companys internal audit function and independent auditor (Cleary 2003). The independent auditor has an increased responsibility to verify the financial information of the company. The audit firm must attest to the reliability of managements statement on the effectiveness of their internal control procedures and processes. The SOX act requires increased communication between the auditor and the companys audit committee. They must communication at least quarterly to discuss management, accounting and/or auditing adjustments, any difficulties or disagreements encountered, or any auditors concerns over the quality of the companys accounting practices or principles (Cleary 2003). The cost of implementing the required changes associated with SOX, Section 404, Internal Controls has had a significant effect on most small business. Auditing firms increased their fees by an average of 40% to recoup fees associated with the loss of business because of the new guidelines requiring independence. The SOX guidelines limit services allowed by auditing firms to perform for companies they are auditing. Internal costs associated with compliance jumped 62% for companies. In 2007, the SEC formed a committee to determine the impact on smaller businesses. Their guidelines were business with revenue under $100 million. The impact of compliance with section 404 internal controls were 3. 5 cents for every dollar earned (Michelson 2008). According to a SOX research study by Lord amp; Benoit, the average costs of complying with section 404(a) management assessment for all non-accelerated filers included in the study were $53,724(ranging from as low as $15,000 to as high as $162,000. The range of audit fee increases was from as low as $7,500 to as high as $86,000). Krishnan 2008). Armed with this information the SEC decided to admen its reporting and disclosure requirements for small businesses. In February 2008, the SEC adopted the amendments and issued the Smaller Reporting Company Regulatory Relief and Simplification to provide assistance for smaller firms (Michelson 2008). Smaller companies have received multiple extensions to become fully compliant. It was stated that more than half of all small companies say SOX has made it more diffi cult to do business. They have had to make cutbacks in other areas, such as marketing, research and personnel to offset the increase in costs. Also, two-thirds of the small businesses favor a different set of guidelines for smaller companies (Swartz, 2006). Another significant impact on small businesses is the increased turnover of its board members. The new guidelines that require increased independence and conflicts of interest make it more difficult for smaller companies who have higher managerial ownership. Executive directors of companies are less likely to appointed to boards. KPMGs Audit committee took a survey and found that directors were concerned with two very important issues, the first being accountability reform and their legal exposure and the second being how management is responding to Section 404 of SOX(KPMG 2004). The Sarbanes-Oxley Act is hailed as the most dramatic change and far-reaching act in the financial market place since the SEC was formed. The SOX act is here to stay and it is long overdue. There have been lists of companies and their improprieties for decades and decades that cheated others out if their fair shares. People who in charge of a companys finances and they succumbed to the temptations of greed. As humans we are fallen creatures, we need stipulations in place to keep us in check. We need laws to govern our actions. The SOX act represents a change in corporate accountability and corporate governing. Although it is still changing and adapting to the environment it has had a significant impact on the way people act. It takes into account the Spirit of the Law and not just the letter of the Law. Corporate leaders are being held to a higher standard, which is a step in the right direction. References Bedard, J. G. (2011). Detection and SEverity Classifications of Sarbanes-Oxley Section 404 Internal Control Deficienies. The Accounting Review , 825-855. Green, E. S. (2003). The Sarbanes-Oxley Act. New York: Aspen Publishers. Jickling, M. (2003). The Enron Collapse. CRS Report for Congress . Krishnan, J. R. (2008). Cost to comply with SOX Section 404. Auditing: Journal of Practice and Theory , 169-186. KPMG Audit Committee Institute (2004), Oversight of Auditors, Audit Committee Roundtable Highlights, Spring, KPMG Audit Committee Institute, Kansas City, p. 2. Lander, G. (2004). What is Sarbanes-Oxley? New York: McGraw-Hill. Michelson, S. S. (2009). The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002: What impact has it on small business firms. Managerial Auditing Journal , 743-766. Peters, G. F. (2012). The Consequences of Information Technology Control Weaknesses on Management Information Systems. MIS Quarterly , 179-203. Spending on SOX. (2008). Journal of Accountancy , 90-93. Swartz, N. (2 008). SOX costs socks small firms. Information Management Journal , 14.

Symbols Of Christian Art In The Middle Ages Essay Example For Students

Symbols Of Christian Art In The Middle Ages Essay Christian Art created during the Middle Ages is full of symbolism. From animals and plants to colors and numbers, most every aspect of Medieval Christian art and architecture is symbolic of something. The following are examples of symbolic colors and their meanings: * Black: symbolic of death or loss We will write a custom essay on Symbols Of Christian Art In The Middle Ages specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now * Blue: the color of the sky, is symbolic of heaven, may also be used to symbolize truth * Brown: symbolic of spiritual death and degradation * Green: the color of plant life, used to represent the triumph of life over death * Purple: symbolic of penitence and mourning, is also the color of royalty * Red: the color of blood, symbolic of passion * White or silver: symbolic of purity, innocence and holiness * Yellow: symbolic of divinity, may also be used to symbolize corruption and degradation The following are examples of symbolic animals and their meanings: *Butterfly: symbolic of the Resurrection * Cat: symbolic of lust and laziness * Dove: symbolic of the Holy Spirit, also purity and peace * Fish: symbolic of Jesus * Lion: symbolic of Jesus * Ox: symbolic of strength, service and patience * Peacock: symbolic of immortality, resurrection * Stag or deer: symbolic of piety or devotion *Unicorn: symbolic of purity and of feminine chastity The following are examples of symbolic plants and their meanings: * Acacia: symbolic of the souls immortality * Bramble: symbolic of the purity of the Virgin Mary * Carnation: a red carnation symbolizes love, pink is a symbol of marriage * Clover: symbolic of the Trinity * Elm: symbolic of dignity and faithfulness. * Fern: symbolic of humility in solitude. * Fig: symbolic of lust or fertility * Grape: symbolic of the blood of Christ * Hyacinth: symbolic of prudence and peace of mind. * Ivy: symbolic of faithfulness and eternal life. * Laurel: symbolic of victory or triumph, particularly over temptation and trial * Lily: symbolizes purity * Olive: symbolic of peace, Olive oil is symbolic of Gods anointing and of the Holy Spirit * Pear: symbolic of Christs love for mankind. * Reed: symbolic of humiliation * Rose: a white rose is symbolic of purity, a red rose is symbolic of martyrdom, a wreath of roses is symbolic of heavenly joy * Strawberry: symbolic of righteousness and good works * Thistle: symbolic of the curse of sin, particularly the Fall * Wheat: symbolic of the Body of Christ in the Eucharist The following are examples of other symbolic objects and their meanings: * Apple: symbolic of sin * Bell: symbolic of the call to worship and the proclamation of the gospel to the world * Daisy: symbolic of the innocence of the Christ Child * Lamp: symbolic of wisdom or Gods presence * pearl: symbolic of the kingdom of heaven * Rainbow: symbolic of Gods faithfulness and of His pardon and reconciliation to the faithful * Scallop or Cockle Shell: symbolic of baptism, especially that of Christ * Trumpet: symbolic of the Last Judgment, the resurrection, and the call to worship The following are examples of symbolic numbers and their meanings: * One: symbolic of singularity or of unity * Two: symbolic of duality, often used to represent the material and spiritual, or the human and divine natures of Christ * Three: symbolic of the Trinity Father, Son and Holy Spirit * Four: symbolic of the four Evangelists, also used to represent the four corners of the earth or the four seasons * Five: symbolic of the wounds Jesus received on the cross * Six: symbolic of creation and the created order because God created everything in six days * Seven: symbolic of perfection and rest * Eight: symbolic of regeneration or resurrection * Nine: symbolic of mystery or the angels number because the Bible mentions nine choirs of angels .u567e61a4f7b27bc8e16fc993f486cc20 , .u567e61a4f7b27bc8e16fc993f486cc20 .postImageUrl , .u567e61a4f7b27bc8e16fc993f486cc20 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; 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} .u567e61a4f7b27bc8e16fc993f486cc20 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u567e61a4f7b27bc8e16fc993f486cc20 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u567e61a4f7b27bc8e16fc993f486cc20:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u567e61a4f7b27bc8e16fc993f486cc20 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u567e61a4f7b27bc8e16fc993f486cc20 .u567e61a4f7b27bc8e16fc993f486cc20-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u567e61a4f7b27bc8e16fc993f486cc20:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Stealing Essay* Ten: symbolic of completion * Twelve: symbolic of the whole church * Thirteen: symbolic of betrayal * Forty: symbolic of trial or testing * One hundred: symbolic of completeness or plenitude since it is ten times ten * One thousand: symbolic of an incalculably large number or eternity.

15 Tactics To Improve Your Brands Pinterest Engagement - CoSchedule

15 Tactics To Improve Your Brands Pinterest Engagement Pinterest isnt just an awesome place to find new recipes or inspiration for a clever DIY project. Its also a great place for sharing content and marketing your brand. To connect with  your audience on Pinterest, you need to know the right tactics to drive the most engagement possible. In social media terms, engagement refers to the use of strategic, resourceful content to create meaningful interactions over time. If you search Google for  Pinterest Engagement you might find yourself looking at endless photos of engagement rings, but not here. Here you will learn  15 ways you can skyrocket your Pinterest engagement. If your brand isnt on Pinterest, it might be worth making an account. Pinterest was once known as that social media network that was all about housewives and pretty pictures, but now its comfortably taking on the big three (Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram) of social media. While 80% of users are female, men are starting to catch the Pinterest bug. In the past year, the number of male users has doubled, making them Pinterest’s fastest growing demographic. This means Pinterest has the ability to bring in a high engagement rate. But how? Lets get started and find out! Optimize Your Pinterest Posting Schedule For Maximum Engagement Optimize your Pinterest schedule (and all your other social media), with this free resource bundle. 1. Create Multiple Boards Related to Your Brand Creating multiple boards on Pinterest gives your brand more opportunity to catch your audience's attention. If you have one or two boards with 500+ random Pins, no one is going to take the time to look because your profile will look barren. On the other hand, if you have several well-organized boards that have distinct categories, your audience will be more likely to check them out. Social Media Examiner does a great job at keeping their boards organized by category: The names and descriptions of your Pinterest boards are important. Not only do they tell  users exactly what they can expect, they also assist users  in finding your content. Try to keep the names of your boards short and simple for easy readability. To create a Pinterest board, click the  Create Board  icon: Then decide the title of the board, add an optional description, and categorize what type of board you'd like: Click  create and wallah! Repeat these steps for each new Pinterest board you create. Create multiple boards on Pinterest for easy categorization.2. Repin Valuable Content From Other Accounts Just like with any social media platform, sharing others’  content is one of the best ways to show that you’re not all about you, and that you value a variety of perspectives beyond your own. The same goes for Pinterest. According to Social Marketing Writing, 80% of Pins on Pinterest are repins. To find content for repinning, follow these steps: 1. Use Pinterest's search bar to locate keywords relating to your brand. 2. After finding a Pin you want to repin, select Save: 3. Select which board of yours you want the repin to be placed on: See something great on #Pinterest? Repin it!3. Use Appealing Cover Photos for Pinterest Boards Just like Facebook, you can create cover photos for Pinterest. At , we have five distinct boards that have their own cover image to help our audience better find our content. Creating cover photos for your boards is an excellent way to establish branding. Including branding images  such as colors, logo, and style allows users to become more familiar with your visual message. Be sure to choose one or two short words that describes what type of content your board includes. To create a cover photo for your Pinterest boards, start by designing a graphic that fits with your company's branding  and is  217 X 147 pixels. Locate the board you want the image to be placed and click the  edit button: Under  Cover in the edit settings, click  Change. Select the graphic you just added to be your cover photo. Once you've selected the photo, click  Save Changes. Repeat these step for each of your Pinterest boards. Give your #Pinterest boards creative cover images.4. Use Long Images  To Stand Out On Boards Don't be a square, be a rectangle when it comes to Pinterest images. Pinterest is a visual playground for your audience, so it's important that your Pin stands out above the rest. Tall images are proven to be more eye-catching and easier to read than wide ones because it's much easier to scroll vertically than horizontally. Taller images- those containing more "content"- tend to get more repins than shorter images. Think infographic-style image like this Pin: Here's a few fun facts about Pinterest images from Design School: Images with multiple dominant colors have 3.25 times more repins than images with only a single dominant color. Images containing less than 30% background are repinned the most. Images with less than 10% background receive between 2-4 times more repins than images with more than 40% background. Red, orange and brown images get twice as many repins than blue images. Less than 1/5 of images on Pinterest are of faces. Similarly, a brand image is 23% more likely to be repinned if the image does not have a face in it. The next time you design an image for Pinterest, try making it the ideal size of 725 pixels wide x 1102 pixels high. Recommended Reading: How To Get More Followers On Pinterest With 21+ Tactics That Will Grow Your Following 5. Have Conversations and Say 'Thank You' Pinterest is a social media platform after all, so it's time to get social! Pinterest allows users to have conversations with each other through direct messages. To send a direct message, simply click the paper airplane icon and type in the name of the user you want to send the Pin to. To use direct messaging for Pinterest marketing, Positionly  offers the following advice: Reach out to fans who have liked a product offering them assistance in purchasing the item. Offer thanks to followers through a personalized message for re-pinning one of your pins. Send out personalized coupons or gift cards to star re-pinners and get them to transact on your site. Set up group conversations with like-minded followers. Help them connect with each other and your brand on topics of mutual interest. Another way to interact with your audience on Pinterest is by saying thank you. When someone retweets you on Twitter, you thank them for mentioning you. When someone shares your post on Facebook, you comment thanking the user for sharing. On Pinterest it is no different. If you see someone has repinned your Pin, then make the effort to go to their Board, and make a comment saying â€Å"thanks† for repinning.  This tactic is  overlooked on Pinterest, and by doing it, you could bring yourself some great engagement with other Pinners. To thank a user: Find the Pin you want to comment on. Click  comments  on the bottom left corner of the Pin. Type your 'thank you' message and click the red comment button. See someone repin your content on #Pinterest? Be sure to thank them.6. Add Group Boards  for More Exposure Creating your own Group Board gives you the upper hand in deciding many things, including who you want to add as collaborators. This also provides you with access to the group’s analytics. By creating a group board, you are allowing collaborators of your choice to add Pins and share ideas.  Your audience may already be liking, commenting and sharing your content with their followers on Pinterest, but inviting them to pin to your brand’s group board will get them more engaged and involved in your online conversation. To make your own Group Board: Click the first tab with the plus-sign symbol on it- this creates a new board. Add keywords to the group’s name for better visibility in the search results. Add a brief description about the group board and its goals. Also include the rules for users that seek membership in your group within your description. Add the usernames or email IDs of any users interested in contributing to your board. Recommended Reading: How To Increase Visibility With Social Media Optimization 7. Use Pinterest Analytics to Find What Your Audience Wants Want to know how your content is performing? Use Pinterest’s built-in analytics  to check what boards have the most impressions, clicks, and repins. In oder to build engagement with your followers, you need to have a basic understanding of what's working and what's not. This video from Pinterest will show you how to get started with Pinterest Analytics: Get the most out of your Pins by understanding analytic data. Maybe you'll find out that you're posting at the wrong times or not posting enough. Pinterest has it's own analytics system to ensure you're doing all the right things. Be sure to check out your reach in Pinterest Analytics, this metric matters most for engagement. It will be purple in color: You can locate your brand's Pinterest analytics in the top left corner of the Pinterest homepage. Recommended Reading: How To Use Social Media Analytics To Create The Best Content 8. Schedule Pins at the Best Possible Times If you want to max out your engagement scale, then you need to make sure your audience can see your content. After doing some research on the best times to post on Pinterest, these are the results: Saturdays are your best bet for reaching Pinterest users- and later at night. Saturdays at 8–11 p.m. Fridays at 3 p.m. General awesome times to Pin to  Pinterest: 8–11 p.m. with 9 p.m. peak 2–4 a.m. and 2–4 p.m. 1–3 p.m.Are you scheduling #Pinterest pins at the best times?You can use Pinterest analytics to analyze the days of the week when you typically get the best results. Recommended Reading: What 16 Studies Say About The Best Times To Post On Social Media 9. Use Rich Pins to Include More  Detailed Information First of all, what the heck is a Rich Pin? Rich Pins are Pins that include extra information right on the Pin itself. There are 6 types of Rich Pins: App Movie Recipe Article Product Place This pin from Whole Foods  (shared in another post by Social Media Examiner) is an example of a Recipe Rich Pin: And here is an example of a Movie Rich Pin: Rich Pins require more work than the other Pinterest strategies above because you’ll need to add meta tags to  your website and then apply to have Rich Pins  enabled,  but these Pins stand out and make the whole user experience better. If necessary, talk to a developer to help implement the right meta data. Use rich pins to make your #Pinterest content stand out.10. Create Pinterest Promoted Ads The quickest way to boost your Pinterest engagement rate is to create an ad. You can decide how long you want the ad to run for, how much you want to spend, and who you want to target. You are in complete control. To create a Pinterest ad: Pick a Pin. Promote your best Pins so they appear in the most relevant places. Decide who sees it. Set up targeting so the right people see your Promoted Pin. Pay for results. Choose to pay for engagement or visits to your site. Track what's working. Pinterest ads will show up with the words "Promoted Pin" in the bottom left corner. Be sure to use a stunning image to catch your reader's eye as they scroll through their Pinterest feed and keywords for maximum reach. Promote pins to reach more people and drive higher engagement.11. Include a Call-to-Action Adding a call-to-action is a quick way to get your readers to engage with your content. According to Quicksprout,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"there is an 80% increase in engagement for pins that contain a call to action.† Try adding relevant descriptions that ask for clicks, repins, or comments. Include a call-to-action either in the image or in the description. Some simple call-to-actions include: Share this post Pin it for later Click here for your free download Register today RSVP here Sign up here Don't be shy to create call-to-action images to your Pinterest profile. You can't argue with an 80% increase in engagement! Recommended Reading: How To Write A Call To Action In A Template With 6 Examples 12. Install the Pin It Button Want to drive engagement from your website or blogs to Pinterest? Then you need the Pin It button! This Pin It button is  a button that allows users to pin an image in a few clicks, making the process faster and easier.  The BEST part about the Pin It button is that once you install it, your work is done! Your website visitors and readers can Pin your content for you, and their followers will see the activity on Pinterest. 62% of brands have Pin It buttons, including us! All of our blogs include the Pinterest Pin It button: Learn how to install  your Pin It button here. Recommended Reading: The Ultimate Guide On How To Use Pinterest For Marketing 13. Write Killer Social Messages Let your readers know what you're sharing. Pin descriptions between 100 and 200 characters get repinned the most, according to Social Marketing Writing. You should write a brief social message to describe the image or the blog post the image will lead to. Pin descriptions between 100 and 200 characters get repinned the mostYour social message is a good indicator of what readers can expect when they click on your Pin. Try asking a question, sharing a quick tip, or providing a benefit. Here are some ways you can write better Pinterest descriptions: Create  a keyword-rich description. Share helpful details. Don't include hashtags. Keep it short -  only about 75-100 characters of your description will appear in grid view. Recommended Reading: This Is How To Write For Social Media To Create The Best Posts 14. Create  Tutorials and Guides to Show Your Audience How to Get Something Done Remember that part about creating long images for Pinterest? You can use this to your advantage by creating a visual step-by-step guide for your users. Tutorials and guides have 42% higher click through rates than other Pins. To create a step-by-step guide: Plan out each step. Write your image copy. Assemble images together that match your image copy. Include steps, copy, and images into one Pin. Show your users exactly how to do something on Pinterest by using images and text. You can even upload a video to Pinterest for a quick demonstration. ProBlogger  shared these tips to uploading a  video from your YouTube account: Make sure you have an active YouTube channel. Make sure your videos are branded (have a similar theme so users can easily recognize). Create a Pinterest board specifically for your YouTube channel. Grab your YouTube embedded link. Upload a new Pin. Select the appropriate board. Add a description. You can locate the embedded code by  Share  button on a YouTube video, then selecting the  Embed option. You can also Pin directly from YouTube by clicking on the Pinterest icon under the  Share option: Recommended Reading: 5 Teaching Theories That Will Improve Your Educational Content Marketing 15. Pin Often (And Pin Consistently) Want to increase your Pinterest engagement by 150%? Then you need to post Pins often, roughly 10 times a day. Decide what Pins you want scheduled and let do the work for you. We'll even use our Best Time Scheduling feature to make sure your Pins go out at the peak times. You'll never have to worry about Pins not posting or  your audience seeing 10 pins in a row with . Studies have shown that users who pin 15 to 30 times a day get the best results. These should be spread throughout the day. Schedule your Pins to go out approximately every hour. Recommended Reading: This Is The Social Media Posting Schedule That Will Boost Your Traffic By 192% What Are Some of Your Favorite Pinterest Engagement Tactics? Pinterest is a great social media platform for marketing use and a huge potential source for traffic. Take advantage of  these tactics the next time you log into Pinterest. Get ready to create some awesome Pins for your users and get that engagement rate up! P.S Have you heard!? has Pinterest integration. Save time and get organized today for FREE:  http://.com/signup

Reasons Affecting Nurses Working In Washington DC Research Paper

Reasons Affecting Nurses Working In Washington DC - Research Paper Example As per requirements, there may be call-backs. The condition is such that the nurses have to deal with more than one patient at a time. Due to an increase in work pressure, they may not get lunch breaks and may even have to work overtime. These reasons are hampering the quality of service that the nurses provide. These may result in fatigue, stress, loss of sleep and several other adverse consequences. Nurses of Washington DC, working in such an environment, have a greater chance of making mistakes during work. This work environment can discourage the nurses and that may lead to some of the nurses quitting nursing or limiting their working hours. Â  As per requirements, there may be call-backs. The condition is such that the nurses have to deal with more than one patient at a time. Due to an increase in work pressure, they may not get lunch breaks and may even have to work overtime. These reasons are hampering the quality of service that the nurses provide. These may result in fatigu e, stress, loss of sleep and several other adverse consequences. Nurses of Washington DC, working in such an environment, have a greater chance of making mistakes during work. This work environment can discourage the nurses and that may lead to some of the nurses quitting nursing or limiting their working hours. Effects of fatigue on performance Fatigue can adversely affect any type of performance. It can deteriorate alertness, concentration, judgment, etc. Human beings have developed a habit of working during the day and sleeping at night.

Evaluation of DHS's Ethics, Cooperation, Leadership, and Legal Research Paper

Evaluation of DHS's Ethics, Cooperation, Leadership, and Legal Decisions - Research Paper Example Investigations by the DHS are still ongoing, while other stakeholders in the incident representing the government have taken preventive measures. For example, Mungin & Brady (2013) write that Connecticut governor, Dannel Malloy signed a law increasing the number of guns banned by the state. In addition, background checks are to be conducted on all gun purchases, and schools allocated 15 million U.S dollars to improve their security. Parents of the murdered children, as well as other residents of Connecticut welcomed the law and called for tougher regulations to curb illegal gun possession (Mungin & Brady, 2013). On 16th April 2013, two bombs exploded at the finish line of the Boston marathon, killing three people and injuring 100 others. Two brothers were suspected of being behind the bombings and one is in custody, while the other was shot dead in a shootout with police, when the latter were looking for the suspect. According to Homeland Security (2013), Mr. McCaul, the chairman of the House Homeland Security Committee, the two brothers appear to have received help in planning the attack. The sophistication of the devices used and the timing of the attack led to this conclusion. Accordingly, investigations into the attack cover areas outside the U.S, particularly Pakistan and Afghanistan. On its part, the federal government pledged to get to the bottom of the matter, but president Obama avoided terming the attacks as â€Å"terrorism†. To the public, a day of celebrations turned tragic, especially considering that the marathoners had paid tribute to the victims of the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting at the beginning of the race. According to the Center for Public Integrity’s article by Fred Schulte on â€Å"ATF’s struggle to close down firearm dealers† (2013), the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF) does a shoddy job inspecting dealers. Apparently, ATF inspectors may delay to inspect a dealer for as long as eight years and when they do, the inspection is not thorough enough. In cases where inspectors find dealers to have violated gun laws and revoke the dealer’s licenses, the latter usually appeals revocation. This process drags in the courts for years and meanwhile, dealers pass their business over to relatives or turn them into â€Å"personal† collection, which does not require background checks. Probably, this is the reason why people like Adam Lanza owned guns capable of killing more than 26 people in 5 minutes. There is no telling how many more people own guns illegally, and how safe the U.S citizens are. A second article by Berlow on â€Å"current gun debate may not help beleaguered ATF† addresses how the congress has played a role in ATF’s failure to control weapon use, particularly in conducting investigations. It also addresses the fact that the agency lacks funds to run operations smoothly. In addition, the current laws are too weak to recognize the role of TF in cases involving gun trafficking. Leadership influences The leadership of DHS is hierarchical in structure, headed by the Secretary of Homeland Security, who is appointed by the President, with the consent of the senate. The Deputy Secretary comes second, followed by Under Secretaries and Assistant Secretaries who head different departments. This style of leadership allows for the formation of mechanism to assess risks, and allocate funds for countering terrorism.

Why Do Students Shyout and Do Not Participate in Classroom Discussion Essay Example for Free

Why Do Students Shyout and Do Not Participate in Classroom Discussion Essay Why do students shy out and do not participate in classroom discussion? Chapter 1 1. 1 Abstract Research has shown that shy students participate less frequently in class, are less likely to volunteer contributions, and give shorter and less elaborate answers to questions. Differences between shy and less shy students extend to their performance on standardized tests of vocabulary. The findings of two studies undertaken are presented; in each study participants were rated for shy out students by their class teachers. The first study (of 10-year-olds) found that shy students test performance was influenced by the form of the test they performed less well when the test was administered individually relative to the same test being administered to the whole class in a group setting. A second study asked students (aged 5-9 years) to sort and describe a set of pictures. The shy student was briefer with shorter mean length of utterances and less linguistic diversity, and this difference was obtained even when the influence of vocabulary test scores was statistically controlled. The findings suggest that shy student responses are constrained by their concerns about evaluation and do not necessarily reflect underlying differences in competence. The paper discusses the implications of this research for the classroom. 1. 2 Introduction This study examines the hypothesis that shy, silent students that do not participate in classroom discussion of contraceptives in Pakistan underreport contraceptive usage. Data were obtained from the 1984-85 and 1994-95 Contraceptive Prevalence Surveys, the 1990-91 Demographic and Health Survey, and a Punjab 1993 survey. Shy or silent students were 11. 9% in 1990-91 and 11. 3% in 1994-95. The revised CPRs are 23. 7% and 29. 1%, respectively. In 1993, a follow-up survey among non-users in Punjab province showed that CPR increased from 13% in 1990-91 to 18% in 1993. Shy out students was the most widely used method, followed by the condom and female sterilization. The increase in CPR is attributed to more open reporting among shy or silent student. Revised CPRs that include shy or silent student were consistent with total fertility rates in all 3 nationally representative surveys. Typically shy or silent student were older by about 2. 3 years than current student, Shy or silent students had longer duration of greater illiteracy, and less contraceptive knowledge about methods and sources this is the cause they do not participate in classroom discussion. Research has distinguished shy out students from introversion, although they are typically related. Introverts simply prefer solitary to social activities but do not fear social encounters as do the shy, while extroverts prefer social to solitary activities. Although the majority of shy are introverted, shy extroverts are found in many behavioral settings. They are privately shy and publicly outgoing. They have the requisite social skills and can carry them out flawlessly in highly structured, scripted situations where everyone is playing prescribed roles and there is little room for spontaneity. However, their basic anxieties about being found personally unacceptable, if anyone discovered their real self, emerge in intimate encounters or other situations where control must be shared or is irrelevant, or wherever the situation is ambiguous in terms of social demands and expectations. 1. 3 Problem statement The study was carried out under the title â€Å"why do students shy out and do not participate in classroom discussion†. 1. 4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The objectives of the study were: 1. To identify the symptoms of shy out students. 2. To explore the causes of shy out students. 3. To find out the relationship of shyness with the self-esteem of students. 4. To examine the effects of shyness on the self-esteem of shy out students. 5. Helping students learn more from lectures 6. Getting students to participate more in class 7. Recognizing the importance of conflict and conflict resolution in student learning groups 8. Introducing and reinforcing active learning 9. Getting students to come to class having read the assignment 10. Getting and giving feedback on meaningful class participation 11. Letting the classroom environment foster student participation 1. 5 Significance of topic There was a tendency for shyness to correlate significantly with measures of academic attainment. Even though the coefficients are moderate and explain little variance in test scores they are still meaningful and suggest that shy out students does have an impact on academic success. There exists some evidence of links between shyness and intelligence test scores, attainment measures, teacher-rated intelligence and academic performance but this has scarcely been explored. Contemporary theories of learning emphasize the importance of social interaction for learning, including the contribution of students active participation in classroom discussion. This suggests the value of exploring the educational significance of shy out students and reticence characteristics that may cause teachers few problems or draw attention to a students behavior but that might influence their achievement and adjustment. Being part of a discussion is a skill to learn, just like taking good lecture notes or learning to write a good essay exam. You are not doing shy students a favor by letting them off the hook completely. Rather, emphasize to your class that in order to have productive discussions, everyone needs to make a contribution. This can be done in a variety of ways: good listening, asking good questions, challenging what someone has said appropriately and inviting. Chapter 2 Review of Literature Shyness as a â€Å"state of discomfort or inhabitation in interpersonal situations that interferes with pursuing one’s interpersonal or professional goals†. According to Cheek Melchoir shyness involves the tendency to feel worried, awkward or tense when in the presence of others due to the prospect of interpersonal evaluation. Zolton and Long said that shyness is a fear of, or shy out students from, other people or social situations, can have many different causes depending on the individual student and the specific circumstances. Shyness is something that all students experience at one time or another. In most cases it is a normal, temporary behavior. In students, some shy out students is normal, especially when they are around 5-6 of age, and then again at about two years of age. Shyness at these ages is considered a normal part of development. Shyness becomes a problem in a student when it interferes with relationships with other people, with social situations, school, and other important aspects of a student’s life. In the light of the results of many psychological surveys concluded that substantial number of students regards themselves as shy. Shyness becomes problematic when it leads to the patterns of behavior that includes reluctance to enter social situations discomfort and inhibition in the presence of others exaggerated self, unresponsiveness, an increasingly negative social concept, or a combination of these . Shy individuals are anxious and unsure of themselves in social situations and often try to avoid interacting with others . Minimum level of shyness does not create problems for students. Frequent exposure to a particular or different situation makes them confident. But if they avoid contact with people, students of their age or exposure to different situations than shyness can create different problems for them. 2. 1 What is shyness? Almost all students act shy at times, especially when encountering a new person or situation. Quite sensibly most students take time to figure out what to do (and not do!) when presented with a novel situation. With time, most students start to feel comfortable in a new situation or with a person theyve recently met and, therefore, act more outgoing, relaxed, and spontaneous. Some students, however, warm up much more slowly than others. Shy students may look tense or distracted in institution as they worry about becoming the center of attention or doing something embarrassing. Teachers never see the students at home smiling, laughing, and chatting away with family members. 2. 2 Quiet or Shy out Students Even in small groups some students are quiet or shy. When we use learning logs, these students often describe their anxiety about revealing their ideas. Stating that all students are expected to participate in a discussion is likely to heighten that anxiety. We have these suggestions concerning shy students. First, the course description should make it clear that discussion is expected, and this should be emphasized in the first meeting of the class. Second, help should be available for shy students, from either the instructor or a counseling center. We strongly prefer helping students learn to participate, rather than helping them avoid taking part. Third, be accepting of degrees of participation. Students who have the courage to confront their shyness need time to develop, and all of us have â€Å"bad hair† days, when things are going terribly, and we need to be quiet. 2. 3 Strategies to Overcome Shy out students The following strategies to help the students to overcome their shyness in classroom discussion. 1. Tell the students about times when you acted bashful. 2. Explain to the children how they will benefit from acting outgoing Prevent labeling of the students as shy. 4. Reward the students for outgoing behavior 6. Read books with the students about individuals who overcome shyness or fears 8. Eliminate teasing of the students or reduce the impact 9. Teach the student to identify and to verbally express their emotions 10. Relationship of Shyness with Self-Esteem students 2. 4 Causes of shy out students Some students seem naturally shy, while others may revert to being shy because they are scared, ashamed or simply conditioned by past experiences to do so. A lack of confidence can cause a child to become shy, especially if she has been given reason to doubt her abilities in the past. This may lead to a student not participating in the classroom or having difficulty connecting with other students. * Lost Discussion Skills Students who do not interact with others in the classroom miss opportunities to learn crucial interpersonal skills. Also, students miss opportunities to develop debating skills. Students must learn how to be a part of a group discussion, which is commonly used in college classrooms and corporate boardrooms. * Lost Assertiveness Shy students may be less willing to mention when they are struggling with class material, causing them to not receive the help they need. People often interpret timidity as a sign of being stuck up, which can put off many people who would otherwise give the student learning opportunities. * Low Self-Efficacy Shy students often develop low self-esteem and a lack of confidence, which reduces the chances that they will have the confidence to pursue challenges that give them learning opportunities. Shyness can also create an unfortunate cycle, as timid students do not develop effective communication skills. The lack of social skills leads to negative social experiences for the shy out students, which increases the anxiety she feels, leading to more shy behavior. * Lost Opportunities Shyness is often caused by an exposure to new activities. Since students do not have as many experiences as adults, they experience more new activities, which can emotionally overwhelm those who have not yet developed coping skills. When students do not have enough experiences, they miss many opportunities to learn. Students who are very shy may be distracted from classroom material because of fears of social interaction or being called on in class. * Students often get ignored Shy students often have difficulty with class grades, but that largely comes from lower levels of class participation and oral skills. Whether shyness is learned, cultural, or genetic, it can present problems for both students and instructors, most commonly in smaller classes in which participation is expected/encouraged. Most classrooms have one or more students who struggle with making themselves heard or participating in class discussions. These students are usually called shy because they may speak softly, prefer to work independently or refuse to speak up at all. Often these students flourish with written assignments or tests, but fail in areas that require participation with classmates or presentations in front of other students. For shy students, keep some considerations in mind. Chapter 3 * Methodology The research approach was quantitative. Standardized questionnaires were used to collect data for the research. For this research, the research adopted analytical way of research. In this way, quantitative way of analysis was adopted. The researcher developed a questionnaire for getting the data from language teachers, and on the basis of collected data analysis was made. For effective research the feedback given by the teachers was presented in the tables and graphs. On the basis of quantitative analysis and suggestions were finalized. Research Tools Opinion scale on the pattern of analytical way of research was developed. Population The students constituted population of study. Sampling Thirty students were selected as a sample using simple random technique. Method of research The study was descriptive in nature. The survey method was used to collect the data from the respondents. For this purpose a questionnaire was developed and was administered to the sample of the study. Collection of data The questionnaire was administered to the students. For each statement, teachers were to respond one option from the given four options. * Analysis of data The data collected was tabulated, analyzed and interpreted in the light of the objectives of the study. Simple percentage was used for analysis of data. Table no. 3. 1 Do group activities break the shy out of the student? Options| Frequency| Percentage| A| 14| 47%| SA| 13| 44%| N| 0| 0%| DA| 0| 0%| SDA| 3| 10%| When students were asked the statement 47% students said they were agree group activities break the shy out of the student, 44% said strong agree and 10% said strong disagree. Table no. 3. 2 Have shy out students discuss their weakness in classroom as a communicator? Options| Frequency| Percentage| A| 0| 0%| SA| 9| 30%| N| 3| 10%| DA| 12| 40%| SDA| 6| 20%| 30% said strong agree,10 %neutral ,40%said disagree and 20%said strong disagree . Table no. 3. 3 Confer with parents give opportunities for shy out student to increase your involvement in classroom discussion? Options| Frequency| Percentage| A| 12| 40%| SA| 7| 24%| N| 3| 10%| DA| 8| 27%| SDA| 0| 0%| 40% said agree, 24%said strong agree, 10%said neutral and 27%disagree. Table no. 3. 4 Do shy students show sign of social anxiety? Options| Frequency| Percentage| A| 9| 30%| SA| 8| 27%| N| 3| 10%| DA| 10| 34%| SDA| 0| 0%| 30% said agree, 27%said strong agree, 10%said neutral and 34%disagree. Table no. 3. 5 Do not force the shy out students to prefer in front of the classmates, but encourage him to do? Options| Frequency| Percentage| A| 12| 40%| SA| 8| 27%| N| 8| 27%| DA| 2| 7%| SDA| 0| 0%| 40% said agree, 27%said strong agree, 27%said neutral and 7%disagree. Table no. 3. 6 Do not make shy out students that feel rushed to answer quickly? Options| Frequency| Percentage| A| 4| 14%| SA| 20| 67%| N| 6| 20%| DA| 0| 0%| SDA| 0| 0%| 14% said agree, 67%said strong agree and 20%said neutral Table no. 3. 7 Students have courage to comfort their shyness need time to develop? Options| Frequency| Percentage| A| 9| 30%| SA| 9| 30%| N| 3| 10%| DA| 27| 8%| SDA| 1| 4%| 30% said agree, 30%said strong agree, 10%said neutral, 8%disagree and 4% strong disagree. Table no. 3. 8 The environment which a student raised can affect his or her shyness in classroom discussion? Options| Frequency| Percentage| A| 7| 24%| SA| 18| 60%| N| 0| 0%| DA| 17| 5%| SDA| 0| 0%| 24% said agree, 60%said strong agree and 5%disagree. Table no. 3. 9 Some students have problematically shy out in varying degree? Options| Frequency| Percentage| A| 3| 10%| SA| 3| 10%| N| 20| 67%| DA| 2| 7%| SDA| 2| 7%| 10% said agree, 10%said strong agree, 67%said neutral, 7%disagree and 7%strong disagree. Table no. 3. 10 Shy out student diversity affect learning? Options| Frequency| Percentage| A| 9| 30%| SA| 13| 44%| N| 2| 7%| DA| 6| 20%| SDA| 0| 0%| 30% said agree, 44%said strong agree, 7%said neutral and 20%disagree. Table no. 3. 11 Can we suggest strategies for shy out students which help students for classroom discussion? Options| Frequency| Percentage| A| 11| 37%| SA| 11| 37%| N| 6| 20%| DA| 2| 7%| SDA| 0| 0%| 37% said agree, 37%said strong agree, 20%said neutral and 7%disagree. Table no. 3. 12 Can we help shy out students to set social development goal for discussion? Options| Frequency| Percentage| A| 11| 37%| SA| 14| 47%| N| 2| 7%| DA| 3| 10%| SDA| 0| 0%| 37% said agree, 47%said strong agree, 7%said neutral and 10%disagree. Table no. 3. 13 Can teacher s allow the students to speak for break the shyness? Options| Frequency| Percentage| A| 8| 27%| SA| 10| 34%| N| 3| 10%| DA| 7| 24%| SDA| 2| 7%| 27% said agree, 34%said strong agree, 10%said neutral, 24%disagree and 7% strong disagree. Chapter 4 4. 1 Procedure of the Study The researcher herself visited for data collection and personally met the student’s . The researcher briefed the students about the purpose of the research and the teachers identified shy out students, a careful observation was made by the researcher also and only those students were selected who were seemed to be really shy and do not participate in classroom discussion. 4. 2 Findings The data collected through questionnaires was analyzed through the research. The results were interpreted in the forms of tables. * When students were opinion the statement 47% students said they were agree group activities break the shy out of the student, 44% opinion strong agree and 10% opinion strong disagree. * 30% the opinion they are strongly agree that have shy out students discuss their weakness in classroom as a communicator,10 %neutral ,40% disagree and 20% strong disagree . * 40% opinion they are agree that confer with parents give opportunities for shy out student to increase their involvement in classroom discussion , 24%opinion strong agree, 10%opinion neutral and 27%disagree. * 30% opinion they are agree do shy students show sign of social anxiety, 27%opinion strong agree, 10% opinion neutral and 34%disagree. * 40% opinion they are agreeing that do not force the shy out students to prefer in front of the classmates, but encourage him to do? 27% opinion strong agrees, 27% opinion neutral and 7%disagree. * 14% students opinion agree do not make shy out students that feel rushed to answer quickly, 67% opinion strong agree and 20% opinion neutral * 30% students opinion they are agree students have courage to comfort their shyness need time to develop, 30% opinion strong agree, 10%  opinion neutral, 8%disagree and 4% strong disagree. * 24% student’s opinions they are agreeing that the environment which students raised can affect his or her shyness in classroom discussion, 60% opinion strong agree and 5%disagree. * 10% students opinion they are agree some students have problematically shy out in varying degree, 10% opinion strong agree, 67% opinion neutral , 7%disagree and 7%strong disagree. * 30% students opinion they are agree shy out students diversity affect learning , 44% opinion strong agree, 7% opinion neutral and 20%disagree. * 37% student’s opinion agrees can we suggest strategies for shy out which help students for classroom discussion? 37% opinion strong agrees, 20% opinion neutral and 7%disagree. * 37% students said opinion can we help shy out students to set social development goal for discussion, 47% opinion strong agree, 7% neutral and 10%disagree. * 27% students opinion agree that can teachers allow the students to speak for break the shyness, 34% strong agree, 10% neutral, 24%disagree and 7% strong disagree. 4. 3 Explanation Almost all students act shy at times, especially when encountering a new person or situation. Shy sensibly most students take time to figure out what to do (and not do! ) when presented with a novel situation. With time, most students start to feel comfortable in a new situation or with a person theyve recently met and, therefore, act more outgoing, relaxed, and ontaneous. Some students, however, warm up much more slowly than others. Student who is shy may not respond when spoken to by a teacher or classmate even after weeks of academy. Or they may say little, speak very softly, and avoid eye contact. These students may hover near other students day after day but never join the others in play. Shy students may look tense or distracted in institution as they worry about becoming the center of attention or doing something embarrassing. Teachers never see the students at home smiling, laughing, and chatting away with family members. * What is shyness? Almost all students act shy at times, especially when encountering a new person or situation. Quite sensibly most students take time to figure out what to do (and not do!) when presented with a novel situation. With time, most students start to feel comfortable in a new situation or with a person theyve recently met and, therefore, act more outgoing, relaxed, and ontaneous. Some students, however, warm up much more slowly than others. Student who is shy may not respond when spoken to by a teacher or classmate even after weeks of academy. Or they may say little, speak very softly, and avoid eye contact. These students may hover near other students day after day but never join the others in play. Shy students may look tense or distracted in institution as they worry about becoming the center of attention or doing something embarrassing. Teachers never see the students at home smiling, laughing, and chatting away with family members. * What are the signs of shyness in a young student? Shy students tend to show at least 3 or 4 of the following behaviors in preschool or primary school. Shy students tend to: 1. Produce little or no voluntary speech 2. Follow directions but dont respond verbally to them 3. Turn away when spoken to 4. Watch but dont join other students in fun activities. 5. Speak softly * What are the effects of shyness on students in classroom discussion? The unfortunate effects of being shy include nervousness, decreased development of close relationships, interference with learning, and reduced opportunities to practice and improve social skills. As a shy student reaches, peers tend to start thinking of the child as not normal. This can in turn have negative effects on the childs self-esteem. On the other hand, shy student tend to act out less than other students do, perhaps because they dont want to call attention to themselves by doing something wrong. Although some students outgrow shyness as they get older, others remain painfully shy their entire life. * Relationship of Shy out students with Self -Esteem Shy students are seen less friendly than others, maybe a bit standoffish, even cold in some circumstances. shy students probably even see themselves in a more negative than positive light. Because of this worry, their thoughts and strengths are limited to a very small circle of students; they are in fact only limited by their own thoughts and emotions. They constantly think that others are slighting them, insulting them, or attacking them in some way. The shy students can actually handicap themselves with negative thoughts and wind up using their shyness as a crutch and an excuse for not pursuing more social occasions, it becomes to socialize, make friends, and establish relationships, both personal and professional. It becomes a self- defeating behavior. This kind of self-defeating behavior leads to more and more avoidance of any or all social encounters, until they become frozen in fear and completely unable to function in normal social circumstances. They quite literally lose hope in their own ability to function normally in these circumstances, so they quit trying. if the children (adult) feel that there is a discrepancy between the way they are behaving and the way they would like to react, their self esteem is likely to be low. To avoid negative feeling, children may lower their expectations of themselves and accept a lower level of performance or social interaction than they are capable of, or may try to avoid further feeling of failure by withdrawing from the situation in which they feel that there self esteem to be threatened. 4. 4 Conclusion Teachers may be able to help shy students considerably by using strategies that are relatively easy to implement and well matched to the teachers basic role as a helpful instructor to students. These strategies include providing self-concept support, encouragement, and opportunities to develop confidence and comfort in the classroom to shy and inhibited students, as well as closer monitoring, improved nonverbal communication, environmental engineering, and instructive suggestions or demands for improved concentration designed to maintain the attention of students prone to shy out students. Most teachers seem to develop an intuitive understanding of some of the needs of shy students, but many could meet these needs more effectively by systematically applying the principles and strategies highlighted here. 4. 5 Suggestion of shy out students Suggestion one Assuming that you share a common Language with this student, the first step has to be to speak to him in his own language in order to ascertain what the problem is and if he is always shy. In other words is he shy when using his native language or does this shyness only occurs when he is trying to speak? Secondly, it would be very useful to spend some time talking to him about various aspects connected to his one-to-one classes and in particular how he would like to be taught and what his aims are. You could emphasize the value of trying things out in English and learning from mistakes rather than being afraid of them. You could also clarify your role and make sure that he understands that you are there to help and to give him constructive feedback on his English. Suggestion two We provide opportunities for the shy out students to develop debating skills. Provide best activities to break the shyness of the students. Suggestion three Teachers provide group work to make involvement of the students. They help and support the shy out students in classroom discussion and do not asked to him gave answer quickly. Suggestion four You could also use homework as the basis for speaking. If he has prepared a homework exercise (a grammar exercise or similar), go through it in the next class with him reading out the answers. It’s important that he gets used to hearing himself speaking this strange foreign language and feels comfortable with it. Suggestion five Another factor could be the dynamic in the classroom. Sitting next to the student rather than standing or sitting opposite can create a feeling of co-operation and may help the student to overcome his shyness. Writing on sheets of paper on the table rather than the whiteboard could also help as could the use of visual aids on the desk such as maps, photographs, magazine pictures and so on. All of these can help to shift the focus away from the student. The important thing here is for you to experiment and find the style and approach that best suits your student. 4. 6 Recommendations * The students should talk to parents, friends, a mentor or anybody they trust most and should confide and express what they feel. * The students should avoid doing so many things at the same time. Because this could lead them to confusion and frustration if nothing gets accomplished. They must stick on one thing that they are good at. * Parents should teach their children how to behave in a social situation. * Parents should try to be good role models. They must let their children see those making social contacts, expressing themselves and interacting with others. * Parents should help their children to feel themselves important, capable and adequate. Such feelings will enhance their self-esteem. * Teachers should avoid calling their students shy. If labeling occurs in the classroom, teachers should intervene. * Teachers should encourage shy students to participate actively in classroom activities 4. 7 SUMMARY Shy students participate less frequently in class, are less likely to volunteer contributions, and give shorter and less elaborate answers to questions. Differences between shy and less shy students extend to their performance on standardized tests of vocabulary. What is shyness in students? Almost all students act shy at times, especially when encountering a new person or situation. Quite sensibly most students take time to figure out what to do (and not do! ) when presented with a novel situation. With time, most students start to feel comfortable in a new situation or with a person theyve recently met and, therefore, act more outgoing, relaxed, and ontaneous. Some students, however, warm up much more slowly than others. * Causes of shy out students Some children seem naturally shy, while others may revert to being shy because they are scared, ashamed or simply conditioned by past experiences to do so. A lack of confidence can cause a child to become shy, especially if she has been given reason to doubt her abilities in the past. 1. Lost Discussion Skills Students who do not interact with others in the classroom miss opportunities to learn crucial interpersonal skills. Students miss opportunities to develop debating skills. 2. Lost Assertiveness Shy students may be less willing to mention when they are struggling with class room discussion, causing them to not receive the help they need. 3. Lost Opportunities When students do not have enough experiences, they miss many opportunities to learn. Students who are very shy may be distracted from classroom material because of fears of social interaction or being called on in class. 4. Students often get ignored Shy students often have difficulty with class grades, but that largely comes from lower levels of class participation and oral skills. Whether shyness is learned, cultural, or genetic, it can present problems for both students and instructors, most commonly in smaller classes in which participation is expected/encouraged. 5. Low Self-Efficacy. Shy students often develop low self-esteem and a lack of confidence, which reduces the chances that they will have the confidence to pursue challenges that give them learning opportunities. Shyness can also create an unfortunate cycle, as timid students do not develop effective communication skills. * Strategies to Overcome Shyness of students Following strategies to help the students to overcome their shyness. 1. Tell the students about times when you acted bashful 2. Explain to the children how they will benefit from acting outgoing Prevent labeling of the children as shy. 3. Expose the children to unfamiliar settings and people 4. Prompt the children to interact with others 5. Reward the children for outgoing behavior * Signs of shy out students 1. Produce little or no voluntary speech 2. Follow directions but dont respond verbally to them 3. Turn away when spoken to 4. Watch but dont join other students in fun activities 5. Make little or no eye contact * Teachers do to help shy out students 1. Put children in pairs or other small groups and lead them into an activity that requires interaction. 2. Prompt interaction between students. 3. Give shy students plenty of time to respond to questions or to speak to the class. 4. Show empathy and understanding. 5. Show warmth. 6. Reward outgoing behavior. * Effects of student’s shyness on classroom discussion Effects of being shy include: 1. Nervousness in discussion. 2. Decreased development of close relationships. 3. Interference with learning. 4. Reduced opportunities to practice in classroom discussion. 5. Improve social skills. References Byrnes, A, D. (1984). Forgotten children in classrooms: Development and Characteristics. The elementary school journal, Vol. 84, No. 3 [Online] Available: http: