Sinhala Text To Speech System Development | Research

Singhalese textbook To Speech System Development ResearchThe dodging, which I am ontogenesis, called SINHALA TEXT TO SPEECH is a nonp atomic number 18il kind of fully seek project. This documentation briefly describes the functionality of my STTS and high lowers the important and benefits of the project. So this system allow allow personar to enter Sinhala schoolbooks and internally it leave behind convert in to pronunciation form. Actually it bequeath happen after drug user select the p artistic productionicular option (convert to region) to convert it in to that pronunciation form. So totally this system is cap adequate to(p) of accepting characters in Sinhala language (sinhala fonts) and makes them in to sound waves, which pile be captured by a technical object (speakers). User go forth able to select the parting type, which he/she analogous, it mean t here(predicate) argon three option called child portion, female piece and adult (male) voice to select. By se lecting that function user notify hear the voice, which he/she corresponding just astir(predicate). And the system will carry out several benefits to users, those who will use this system. The users who ar not able to read sinhala, and those fecal matter insure communicatoryly will encourage to use this system, because using this product they brush aside overcome that problem very easily. If somebody needs documents with sinhala texts, then he or she lav use this system to embark on that one. In right away world there are no such systems for sinhala language like which I am going to b recommendon forth.Table of ContentsABSTRACT 2Table of Contents 3SINHALA TEXT TO SPEECH 41.INTRODUCTION 42.AIM 53. hire PROBLEM 54.RELEVANCE OF THE PROJECT 55.LITERATURE REVIEW 66.SPECIFIC STUDY OBJECTIVES 77.PROPOSED APPROACH 87.1 User 87.2 Data 87.3 Input 87.4 care fores 97.5 Output 98.RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND TCHNOLOGIES 98.1 Database Technology 99.PROJECT PLAN 109.1 ARCHTECTURE 109.1. 1 Design Architecture 109.1.2 Text process Architecture 119.1.3 vocalism Tag survival of the fittest Process 129.1.4 portion Control Process 1310.REFERENCES 1311.Bibliography 1411.1 SPEECH ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS 1411.2 SPEECH CODING 14SINHALA TEXT TO SPEECHINTRODUCTIONSinhala Text To Speech is the system I am hoping to develop as my final research project. As a post graduate student I selected a research project that will convert the Sinhala stimulus text into a verbal form.Actually, the term Text-To- language (TTS) refers to the conversion of input text into a spoken utterance. The input is a Sinhala text, which may consist of a number of words, sentences, paragraphs, numbers and abbreviations. TTS locomotive should identify it without any ambiguity and generate the corresponding speech sound wave with acceptable woodland. The output should be down the stairsstandable for an average receiver without devising untold effort. This means that the output should be made as close as to the natural speech quality.Speech is assertd when air is forced from the lungs by the verbal cords (glottis) and along the vocal tract. Speech is split into a rapidly alter excitation signal and a slowly varying filter. The envelope of the federal agency spectra contains the vocal tract reading.The verbal form of in input should be understandable for the receiver. This means that the output will be made as nigher as the natural human voice. My system will carry out few main features. Some of them are, after entering the text user will capable of selecting one of voice qualities, means women voice, male voice and child voice. Also the user is capable of doing variation in pep pill of the voice.Actually, my project will carry out main few benefits to the users, those who intend to use this.Below I seduce mentioned the basic architecture of our project.Sinhala VoiceText in SinhalaAndVoice and speedSelectionProcessFigure 1.1AIMTo develop a system, that can able to read t ext in sinhala format and covert it in to verbal (sinhala) form. And also, It will capable to change the sound waves, It mean user would able to select voice quality gibe to his/her opinion. There are might be three voice selections. These are kind of woman voice, kind of male voice and kind of kids voice. And user can change the speed of the voice. If somebody needs to hear low speed voices or high-speed voice, then he/she can change it according to their requirements.STUDY PROBLEMActually before start this project I have glide slopeed in to the Internet and collect much asseverateation regarding this particular field. First-of-all I have to appropriate a facility to enter sinhala font in to the computer. So, to overcome this matter I intend to use UNICODE. When we pronounce sinhala text, onetime(prenominal) we need use pronouncing voices of two texts.It means to create voice for some texts we need to combine another(prenominal) two text voices. So to have voices we should s alt away voices to each and every text in the voice infobase. Then voices come from voice informationbase according to the text which we entered. Actually after we entered text internally it (texts) get in to different groups.RELEVANCE OF THE PROJECTThe thought of developing a Sinhala Text To Speech (STTS) engine have begun when I considering the opportunities available for Sinhala speaking users to grasp the benefit of Information and Computer Technology (ICT). In Sri Lanka more than 75% of population speaks in Sinhala, but its very rare to stick Sinhala softwares or Sinhala hooeys regarding ICT in market. This is directly effect to outgrowth of ICT in Sri Lanka.In look few Sinhala text to speech softwares are available but those have problems such as quality of sound, font schemas, pronunciation etc. Because of these problems developers are afraid to use those STTS for their applications. My focus on developing an engine that can convert Sinhala words in digitized form to Sin hala pronunciation with error free manner. This engine will help to develop some applications.Some applications where STTS can be utiliseDocument reader. An already digitized document (i.e. e-mails, e-books, sassyspapers, etc.) or a conventional document by scanned and produced through an visual character recognizer (OCR).Aid to handicap person. The vision or voice impaired community can use the computers aided devices, directly to communicate with the world. The vision-impaired person can be informed by a STTS system. The voice-impaired person can communicate with others by providing a reportpad and a STTS system.Talking books toys. Producing talking books toys will tramp the toys market and education.Help assistant. Develop help assistant speaks in Sinhala like in MS Office help assistant.Automated News casting. The hereafter of entirely new breed of television networks that have programs hosted by computer-generated characters is possible.Sinhala SMS reader. SMS consist of several abbreviations. If a system that read those messages it will help to receivers. speech education. A high quality TTS system incorporated with a computer-aided device can be used as a tool, in learning a new language. These tools can help the learner to improve very quickly since he/she has the access to the correct pronunciation whenever needed.Travelers guide. System that located inside the vehicle or mobile device that will give information current location other relevant information incorporated with GPRS.Alert systems. Systems that can be incorporated with a TTS system to attract the attention of the controlled elements since as humans are used to draw attention through voice.Specially, countries like Sri Lanaka, which is still struggle to harvest the ICT benefits, can use a Sinhala TTS engine as a solution to convey the information effectively. Userscan get required information from there native language (i.e. by converting the text to native language text) would n aturally move there thoughts to the achievable benefits and will be encouraged to use information technology much frequently. so the development of a TTS engine for Sinhala will bring personal benefits (e.g. aid for handicapped, language learning) in a social perspective and definitely a financial benefit in economical terms (e.g. virtual television networks, toys manufacture) for the users.LITERATURE REVIEWText to speech is very popular area in computer science field. There are several research held on this area. Most of research base on how to develop more natural speech for given text . There are freely available text to speech package available in the world. But most of software develops for most common language like English, Japanese, Chinese languages. Even some software companies distribute text to speech development tools for English language as tumesce up. Microsoft Speech SDK tool kit is one of the examples for freely distributed tool kit developed by Microsoft for Engli sh language. nowadays, some universities and research labs doing their research project on Text to speech. Carnegie Mellon University held their research focus on text to speech (TTS). They provide Open Source Speech Software, Tool kits, cogitate publication and important techniques to undergraduate student and software developer as well. TCTS Lab also doing their research on this area. They introduced simple, but general functional diagram of a TTS system Ref. 2. delineation Credit Thierry Dutoit.Figure5.1. A simple, but general functional diagramSPECIFIC STUDY OBJECTIVES micturate a verbal format for the input sinhala text.Input Sinhala text which may be a user input or a given text document will be transformed in to sound waves, which is then output is captured by speakers. So the disabled people will be one of the most unspoiled stakeholders of Sinhala Text to Speech system. Also undergraduates and research people who need to use more references can send the text to my system, just listen and interpret what they need.The output would be more like natural speech.The human voice is a complex acoustic signal, which is generated by an air stream expelled at any mouth, nose or both. Important characteristics of the speech sound are speed, silence, accentuation and the level of energy output. The tongue appropriately controls the air steam, lips with the help of other articulators in the vocal system. Many variations of the speech signal are caused by the persons vocal system, in order to convey the meaning and emotion to the receiver who then understand the message. Also includes many other characteristics, which are in receivers hearing system to identify what is world said.Identify an efficient way of translating sinhala text in to verbal form.By developing this system we would be able to identify and proposed a most suitable algorithm, which can be used to translate sinhala format to verbal form by a fast and efficient manner.Control the voice speed an d types of the voice (e.g. man, women, child voice, etc.).Users would be capable of selecting the quality of the sound wave, which they want. Also they would be allowing to reset the speed of the output as they need. People, those would like to learn Sinhala as their second language to learn elocution causeful by changing the speed (reducing and increasing). So this will improve the listening capabilities.Small kids can be encouraged to learn language by varying the speed and types.Propose ways for that can be extended the current system further more for future needs.This system alone gives the basic functions. My system is feasible of enhancing further more in order to satisfy the changing requirements of the users. This can be embedded in to toys so can be used to improve children listening and elocution abilities. So those will Borden their speaking capacity.PROPOSED APPROACHMain function of my system is read sinhala digitized characters and speak out those words as closer sou nds that human natural voice.7.1 UserMy basic idea is to develop systems that cater all kinds of users. That mean who k immediately the operate computer very well and also who is beginner to the computer field. Users only want to do insert text in sinhala.7.2 DataIn my database I am hoping to store voice tags, sinhala characters and pronunciation rules. And also I wish to introduce efficient algorithms for search relevant voice tags from the database.7.3 InputProposed system will get sinhala-digitized characters, voice selection as input.7.4 ProcessesGet the sentence from the user and it will identified end of sentence by full-stop and it will separate two words by the space between two words. Those words will break down to smaller parts. Then after capture the relevant voice tags according to rules that I have given and merge those voice tags. Then after get voice selections that user given and process to give those sound effects.7.5 OutputProduce the related to sinhala voices for text that is given by the user according to sinhala pronunciation rules as well as voice selection do by the user.RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND TCHNOLOGIES8.1 Database TechnologyHope to use OO methodologies and Relational Database Management System (Microsoft SQL Server 2005) to develop centralized database on main server. A database management system, or DBMS, is software design to assist in maintaining and utilizing large collection of data Ref. 3. The SQL Server 2005 is design to work as a data storage engine for thousand of concurrent users who connect over a network, it is also capable of working as a stand-along database directly on the identical computer as an application Ref. 4. DBMS provide some important functionality. Applications are independent from data representation, storage and location (data and location independence). DBMS is able to scan through million of record and retrieve efficiently (efficient data access). DBMS enforce integrity constrain and security permiss ion on the data (data integrity and security). DBMS provide facilities to data and its efficient accessibility (data administration). DBMS schedule concurrent access to the data in such manner that user can think of the data as being accessed by one user at a time. Further, DBMS protects users from the effects on of system failures (concurrent access and crash recovery). There for hope to use Microsoft SQL Server 2005 to develop voice and text information database.PROJECT PLAN9.1 ARCHTECTURE9.1.1 Design ArchitectureText in SinhalaVoice and speed selectionProcessSinhala voiceFigure 9.1.1Speed selectionArray of text (Sinhala)Process in positionRelated SinhalaVoiceVoiceDatabaseProcess the TextGet the voice tags according to the Text and merge themVoice selectionVoice restrainerFigure 9.1.2Figure 9.29.1.2 Text process ArchitectureDetect full-stops, commas, brackets etc.Separate out numbersGet unique number to each earn and store it in an arraySend the data in array to voice tag selec tion processSeparate the text to sentencesGroup the text according to lettersSinhala TextArray of letter valuesFigure 9.1.3This process gets a text as the input. It detect whether there are any full-stops, commas etc. to avoid confusions. If there any numbers in the text they are separate out and text is partition in to sentences. afterward that each letter in a sentence grouped, give a unique number store in an array. This array is send to the next process.9.1.3 Voice Tag Selection ProcessFigure 9.1.4Voice DatabaseGet voice tags from voice DatabaseVoice selectionArray of letter valuesMerged Voice tagMerge voice tags to the orderSend the merged voice tags to voice Control processSelect the voice typeThis process gets the array, which gives from Text process and voice selection as inputs. By using these inputs this process gets voice tags for each letter and merge them. Merge voice tags send to the voice control process.9.1.4 Voice Control ProcessFigure 9.1.5Speed selectionSinhala V oiceStore the voice text arrayControl the speed Voice speedSpeak the voice arrayMerged Voice tagThis process gets merge voice tags and voice speed selection as input. It organize the Merge voice tags according to speed selected. Then it will speak out speech each voice tag.REFERENCESRef. 1 Building Synthetic Voices, Online http//www.festvox.org/festvox/Ref. 2 An ledger entry to Text-to-Speech Synthesis, Online http//tcts.fpms.ac.be/synthesis/introtts.htmlRef. 3 Raghu Ramakrishnan, Johannes Gehrke/Database Management SystemThird edition 2001/ McGraw-HillRef. 4 SQL Server Books, Online 1988-2005 Microsoft Corporation. entery Then And Nowphotography Then And NowWhy is the dissipateic compute so powerful iconic, how do they produce connections of timelessness, and emotional context + what are the perspectives around image making in addition what is its coincidenceship to house painting?In its first decades of its dwellence picture taking was labeled as sun painting a term coi ned to be contemptuous, and one which epitomized the mechanical character to the painters artistic freedom. Therefore because of this, scenegraphy has induce an ever-growing field of investigation and argument. Photography and its role in art and the everyday is something which I would like to open up in this discussion, I have looked at various writers to aid this discussion as well as a series of classic and contemporary depictioners. This dissertation will inform and open up concepts around photography whilst putting it under a microscope and examining it with sensibility.Photography as a medium has become a phenomenal gumption of capturing a still image it inspired historical as well as literary imaginations. Photography was the possible brainchild of recent science, or of modern invention explicated by science, it oscillates between the realms of science, poetry fiction or fantasy. The registration of the first daguerreotype signaled first and foremost a mystery it also pe rmeated this idea of it being the air of a cultural creation, and if not a legend, rather than that of a scientific discovery. This idea is particularly evident in an account provided by amateur Jules Janin in LArtiste of 27 January 1839, which extolled the daguerreotype as a modern realization of the biblical Fiat Lux 1, and in particular marveled at its ability to record the most minute detail (down to the grains of sand) as well as, even more improbably, the shadow of a passing bird2.Speaking to the camera detaches the visible from the capacities of the eye and brings forth the virtuality of the visible, in a sense the camera can be seen as the third eye which extends ones vision. The procedure of photography is a materializing which makes something material from apparition and through photography things can be seen differently. The ability to photograph was seen as a strange phantasmagoria and a method of hyping up the real, it posited bewilderment at the magic of the daguerreo type, combined with the urge to make the idea of photography as generic as possible.Many photographers change how we look and perceive photographic images. Eugene Atget -a surrealist photographer- was one of the first to refuse to photograph the face and body, Atget removed people from his pictures and with them the last remainders of cult value in the medium. His photographs of Paris were like scenes of a crime, desolate scenes of everyday objects as ordinary last were revealed as strange and quite unsettling. In this way photographs acquired the first traces of political significance that all was not as it seemed at first glance. Atgets photography replaced the nimbus of the early image with the emptiness of the city view. He asks But isnt every square inch of a city a crime scene?3.Hippolyte Bayards 12 minute exposure entitled Self Portrait as a Drowned Man (1840) 4, presents us with a fictional image which shows how a photograph can deceive us. At the time was considered quite racy and controversial, nudity was something which was private and highly discouraged, and especially not something to be photographed. It presented a dichotomy of what was and what was not allowed.Latin Phrase Fiat Lux, let there be light The phrase comes from the third verse of the Book of Genesis.Quotefrom bookFrom Walter BenjaminpageBayard, Hippolyte. Self Portrait as a Drowned Man.1840, France.Instant death is not loving, so the alternative is to feign death and stimulate the artificial arrangement of it. This staged photo montage displays a marked protest against the cruel injustice of life. Nowadays, every calamity with fatal outcome is photographed in its horrifying representation within the media. We celebrate photographs of death ambitious and ring monuments which represent places where vast amounts of people have died. Why is this? The feeling of being exempt from calamity stimulates interest in looking at painful pictures like war photos etc, partly because one is here and not there.Photographs therefore subtract feelings from something we experience firsthand, but it is the closest we can get to this experience. To summarize, one is vulnerable to disgusted events in the form of photographic images in a way that one is not to the real thing.Pictures are things that have been marked with all the stigmata of personhood and animation they butt both physical and virtual bodies they speak to us, sometimes literally, sometimes figuratively. They present not just a surface but a face that faces the percipient as if pictures had feeling, will, conscious, agency and desire. 5. With a kind of social or physiological power of their own a power to attract the beholder, arrest and enthrall, transfix or paralyze the beholder, turning him or her into an image for the gaze of the viewer, the medusa effect. U.S Civil War Photographer Matthew Brady used the power of photos to create social and political photo essays, often centered around injustice and suff ering. His images raised public response and outcry which led to positive social changes, they had the ability to change the nations noble, romantic view of war, and although Brady was simply recording events, his picture essays were powerful enough to change public opinion.Photographs can be quite allegorical they have natural instinct to produce potent emotional responses. In Roland Barthess Camera Lucida, 6. a major part of this book is dedicated to a narrative telling of his bereavement for his dead mother, and through looking at his collection of old family photographs he can find her again. This concept is something that leaks into a large extent of our private lives, as photographers the majority of us have in our archives, portraits of people who are no longer living some of whom may mean an enormous deal to us. We have all bypast through this procedure of en masse as a culture following the death of public figures that have bited us Marilyn Monroe, John F Kennedy, John L ennon to name a few. Correspondingly, we look for the diabolical streak in pictures of persons who turn out to be mass murderers Myra Hindley, Ted Bundy Etc. Photographs make us, as a collective, understand and appreciate our emotional attachments to them. This hidden agenda is something Barthes tries to permeate in our minds. Barthes was overwhelmed with the connections he found between the images, and time and death are themes which very much personify his writing.The truthfulness here is, as Barthes tries to evoke, that death is ultimately concrete and that the actuality of the photos is palpable. We find ourselves being struck with such emotional attachment when we look at old photos of loved ones in addition to being face-to-face with what time and the instant mean in an image. The Aura in these pictures may be related with time because when we observe them, we sometimes feel nostalgic. The revelation of this is to reflect back to the genesis of his ideas, that the genius of p hotography provides a spectrum for which the subject really was there and that he would conclude that death indeed was the rational and logical implication of every picture. Poring over images of the deadQuote Freedberg, D.( 1991)The Power of Images Studies in the History and Theory of Response. University of lucre Press, USACamera Lucida name of the apparatus, anterior to photographer, which permitted drawing an object through a prism.is an active part of grief, of mourning, of dealing with the actuality and immediacy of death. This ritual did not exist for anybody but the upper classes (obviously before photography was invented.) Photography marked the birth of the image and in1839 I believe would have been a milestone in the record of mourning rites and thanatology.Barthes looks carefully over these images with a keen hope of remembering. He seeks in sorrow and love for the loss of his mother in hopes of finding one picture which would represent his mothers spirit, he account s the following when an old childhood photograph is found My mother was five at the time (1898), her brother was seven. He was bend against the bridge railingshe, shorter than he, was standing a little back, facing the camerashe was holding one finger in the other hand as children often do, in an cumbersome gesture. The brother and sister had posed, side by side, alone under the palms of the Winter GardenI studied the little girl and at last rediscovered my mother. 7. What we can extrapolate from this inquiry of the Winter Garden photograph is that Barthes become comforted by its actuality, in the sense that the picture literally emanates his mother (although being a child Barthes never knew of.) He sees the photograph as a magic relic of his mother perpetuating love, there is an assertion of tenderness in the photo as she lends herself to the photographer and allows herself be photographed. He can then reassure himself of his mother and know that his heartfelt experience with he r was real. Old photographs are ghostly semblances that materialize before our eyes and in our imaginations, this is certainly evident when Barthes sees this particular photograph and through photographs we try to immortalize a significant moment in our lives.Photographs possess an extraordinary ability to touch us in ways that are supernaturally impossible. They retain a certain animation which cannot be possessed or captured in a painting or sculpture, they speak to us. Through speaking we understand and realize their true intentions and motivations, and this is what we learn from Barthes. The same ideas apply when we look at photographs of people who have committed crimes. A photograph is not just a picture of something or someone its what is attached to it that we hold that emotion. In the case of serial killer lollipop shots its the evil that you know behind that photograph or the sinister intention which reinforces the feelings of loathing, hatred and disgustPhotographs are visual fossils, they make us think about and realize our own mortality and existence, and therefore have remained so timeless. Old photographs fill out our mental image of the past the photos being taken now transform what is present into a mental image. The passing of time also adds to the aesthetic value of photographs. The Art of the portrait photographer may be to capture in his or her subjects a sense of presence and there-ness. Oddly photographs have the magical capabilities to move you back and forth through time, and because of this, the past always seems accessible except physically it isnt. The photograph becomes a kind of resurrection as it continues to live after the person is gone. It has the strange ability to evoke memories through imaginative rally and gives the texture and essence of things it is not so much an instrument of memory as an invention of it or a replacement.August Sanders taxonomical portraits developed a philosophy that placed man within a cyclic mod el of society, by systematically photographing people from various classes, Sander hoped that by using light and photographing their facial features it would reveal and accentuate character, charisma, provenance or background. point of reference Barthes, R. Camera Lucida. (198029-30).Walter Benjamin coined the optical unconscious as a realm of experience, as a similar way as psychoanalysis constituted as access to the psychic unconscious. It invests the photograph with intimacy as well as the capacity for illumination. It is another nature which speaks to the camera rather than to the eye.8. Photography is not only like its subject but homage to the subject it is part of an extension of that subject. Photography has the power to capture a secret, and we have the power to see it. The viewer feels an unresisting urge to search such a picture for the tiny spark of contingency, of the present and Now, with which reality has so to speak seared the subject. 9. Benjamin refers to a phot ograph- a portrait- of the photographer Dauthendey and his wife who had later committed suicide. Looking at the photograph we search the picture for a kind of evidence in the past, of what was to transpire in the future. (Perhaps a sign written on her face, her posture, invisible to her fianc who stands alongside her, but visible to us looking at the photograph many years later, and with the knowledge that she would, after bearing him six children, kill herself). What we can conclude here is that Benjamin then, grants the viewer (as well as the medium of photography) a kind of desire for omniscience. The photographic image calls for translation, and can show traces of the past and point at something that is absent.On the basis of a partial assimilation to the model of painting and through the wake of modernism, the advent of photography has slowly gained acceptance within museums and that of the art market and thus making it a recognizable and distinct art form. But why have they th us far remained a provocative and intriguing form of art? Paintings and sculptures are a matter of interpretation from the artist whereas with photographs to a certain extent- are a reflection of the real. It cannot just be seen in many ways as an art form but as a way of seeing and thinking. Photography represents a precious asset they provide us with an encounter we would not think was possible without, however our perception of images and photography have greatly changed since the very first photograph was made. In its relation to painting, a photograph is not only an image (as a painting is an image) it is a usurp reality and an interpretation of the real, it can be thought of as a trace which is directly stenciled off the real like a footprint or death mask. It carries some of its simplest qualities to such perfection that it will become for even the majority of skillful painters a subject for observation and study. Its because of this perfection that the painter, therefore, wi ll find this a quicker way to obtain collections of studies that he would only by much time, and trouble be able to collect no matter how talented the painter. Paintings, even ones which meet photographic standards of resemblance, are never more than the stating of interpretation. In Benjamin Walters Little History on Photography he makes a point that using photography killed painting10.There is a primitive popular opinion which presumes that images possess the qualities of real things or that there is an inclination to attribute to real things the concept of original and copy, reality and image. There are many conspiracies contact the conceit of what is real, as well as the criticism of reality as a faade and the depleted sense of it.8. Quotation Gold,J.R. Film and Translation in the literary productions of Walter Benjamin(2007 602-622)9. Quotation Stamelman, R. Loss beyond telling Representations of Death in Absence in Modern FrenchPoetry (1990281)10. Quotation Walter, B. Lit tle History of Photograph. (1931PAGE UNKNOWN)In Sontags The Image World (On Photography) a lot of emphasis is made of the reproducibility of the image. Photography has become a mass art, a social rite, in which we document sequences of utilization. It can provide knowledge independent of experience and can capture, classify and store the Information in a way that provides possibilities for control not feasible under earlier forms of information storage. Feurbach observes that our era -prefers the image to the thing, the copy to the original the representation to the reality, appeared to the being 11.Photography does not simply reproduce the real it recycles it- a key procedure of a modern society which consumes images. In the form of photographic images, things and events are put to new uses, and assigned new meanings. The camera offers the possibility of possessing carry through record at all ages and through being photographed something becomes part of a system of classificatio n and storage family albums, geology, medical training, police work etc. Photograph collections are used to make a substitute world. It can also been viewed as an instrument for depersonalizing our relation to the world. What Sonntag is trying to argue is that human beings have stupid the copy for the thing itself and, as a result, have created a false division between the copy and the so called real. Sontag explains Industrial societies turn their citizens into image-junkies it is the most irresistible form of mental pollution 12.Photographs are a form of acquisition the possession of cherished people or things as a way of down events and a potent means of acquiring something as information, and more importantly gaining control over it. At one end of the spectrum photographs are objective data, at the other end they are items of psychological science fiction. Even the most banal photograph or document can mutate into an emblem of desire.Nowadays the lure of the image is startin g to replace the real via advertisements, newspaper, TV, and digital. The situation is complicated by the fact that less than ever does the mere reflection of reality reveal anything but reality Bertold Brecht 13. Copying was seen as immoral, however Aristotles view of the imitative faculty is precisely what makes us human. There has been a lot of speculation surrounding the mechanical reproduction of the photograph. Walter Benjamin had a keen relation to nostalgia and a poetic understanding of the world. He explains in A Small History of Photography that the beginning of image-making was seen as a fog which would blind you, using this metaphor politically he is referring it to something which is perhaps dangerous- that art would become nothing more than ideas, signs, allusions or concepts. There was very much a storm of moral fear, it was seen as being blasphemous and opened up ideas about god. That perhaps the photograph or that being photographed would contain the soul- a fetish or magical object. In addition to this the reproductive factor of photography was seen as taking away the aura away from the real thing, ideas surrounding forgery, fakery, copying were highly frowned on. Reproducing images was seen as deracination of authenticity and dissolution of aura and historical depth, because of its special condition it can be exploited by capital for advertising purposes. To an ever increasing degree, the work which is reproduced becomes the reproduction of a work intended for reproducibility.Due to the reproducibility of images, this condition opens up theories of the politicizing of art and11. Quotation Feuerbach, K. (1843) The Essence of Christianity. Quoted By Sontag,S. (1979-PAGENA)12. Quotation Sontag, S.The image World Traces of the Real (1977-NA)13. Quotation Brech, B. Quoted by Walter,B in Little History of Photography (1931-NA)Releases questions like how might the photographer go about dealing with a practice that is not completely reducible to pr opaganda and modern advertising? The mechanical nature of the reproducibility of art and photography has changed modes of perception in which we have reduced objects and made them manipulable, It is necessary to create something artificial than represent the real., The singular, the unique is divested of its uniqueness- by means of its reproduction. 14. Process reproduction can reveal those aspects of the original that are unattainable to the naked eye yet accessible to the lens- which is adjustable and chooses its angle at will. Through photographic reproduction and with the aid of certain processes (such as enlargement and slow motion) can capture images which may escape natural vision. Today in the wake of proliferation and digital media, photography is in a state of dispersion, hybrid forms of photographic imagery mixing analogue and digital technologies have become the norm. Where much of the images we see are heavily manipulated.There are many reasons why we are infatuated wit h photography the flowering of photography allowed for it to be available to everybody, anything in the world is material for the camera, one finds that there is beauty or at least interest in everything seen with an acute eye. The picture is treated as an expression of the artists desire or as a mechanism for eliciting the desires of the beholder. People werent used to seeing their image, so the photograph provided a difference sense of how we look. It awakened people into a new world. Photographs contain powerful presences present in them it preserves the object which is reason why there are superstitions around throwing away photographs of loved ones, as well as the obsession to photograph and to be photographed. Referring back to Barthes, photograph presents to us a spectral, corporal presence in addition to providing a means of reanimating what is unavailable. It imprisons and captures reality this is something Barthes tries to burn into our consciousness. One cant possess re ality, one can possess (and be possessed by an image) with photographic images one cant possess the present but one can possess the past. They imply instant access to the real to possess the world in the form of images is, to re experience the irreality and remoteness of the real. Pictures communicate as signs and signals, it is clear they have a sort of power to effect human emotions and behavior.Nowadays, we cannot live without photographs they are anywhere and everywhere. The logic of consumption is akin to lust, and therefore it cannot be satisfied because the possibilities of photography are infinite. I believe photography and image-making will continue to inspire and technologies will continue to expand. Presently, we find photography used for narcissistic purposes like surveillance. In an industrial society the camera becomes a spectacle for the masses and as an object of surveillance for rulers. It remains to be a source of great iconography as it is an art for all, which p osits photography as universally accessible, and an addition to culture rather than science. Photographs will always and continue to be powerful mechanisms to change things or set things in motion, and it will continue to stand the test of time and document the vestiges of human condition until the end of our existence.14. Quotation Walter, B. Little History of Photograph. (1931PAGE UNKNOWN)